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महाभारतः       mahābhārataḥ - book-3, chapter-246

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युधिष्ठिर उवाच ।
व्रीहिद्रोणः परित्यक्तः कथं तेन महात्मना ।
कस्मै दत्तश्च भगवन्विधिना केन चात्थ मे ॥१॥
1. yudhiṣṭhira uvāca ,
vrīhidroṇaḥ parityaktaḥ kathaṁ tena mahātmanā ,
kasmai dattaśca bhagavanvidhinā kena cāttha me.
1. yudhiṣṭhiraḥ uvāca vrīhidroṇaḥ parityaktaḥ katham tena
mahātmanā kasmai dattaḥ ca bhagavan vidhinā kena ca āttha me
1. Yudhiṣṭhira said: "O venerable one, how was that drona of rice (vrīhi) renounced by that great soul (ātman)? And to whom was it given, and by what method (vidhinā) do you tell me this?"
प्रत्यक्षधर्मा भगवान्यस्य तुष्टो हि कर्मभिः ।
सफलं तस्य जन्माहं मन्ये सद्धर्मचारिणः ॥२॥
2. pratyakṣadharmā bhagavānyasya tuṣṭo hi karmabhiḥ ,
saphalaṁ tasya janmāhaṁ manye saddharmacāriṇaḥ.
2. pratyakṣadharmā bhagavān yasya tuṣṭaḥ hi karmabhiḥ
sa-phalam tasya janma aham manye sat-dharma-cāriṇaḥ
2. That venerable one, whose natural law (dharma) is manifest, and who is indeed pleased by his actions (karma) - I consider the life (janma) of such a practitioner of true natural law (dharma) to be fruitful.
व्यास उवाच ।
शिलोञ्छवृत्तिर्धर्मात्मा मुद्गलः संशितव्रतः ।
आसीद्राजन्कुरुक्षेत्रे सत्यवागनसूयकः ॥३॥
3. vyāsa uvāca ,
śiloñchavṛttirdharmātmā mudgalaḥ saṁśitavrataḥ ,
āsīdrājankurukṣetre satyavāganasūyakaḥ.
3. vyāsaḥ uvāca śiloñcha-vṛttiḥ dharmātmā mudgalaḥ
saṃśita-vrataḥ āsīt rājan kurukṣetre satyavāk anasūyakaḥ
3. Vyāsa said: "O King, in Kurukṣetra, there was a man named Mudgala, whose livelihood (vṛtti) was gleaning (śiloñcha), whose soul (ātman) was devoted to natural law (dharma), who had strict vows, was truthful, and was free from envy."
अतिथिव्रती क्रियावांश्च कापोतीं वृत्तिमास्थितः ।
सत्रमिष्टीकृतं नाम समुपास्ते महातपाः ॥४॥
4. atithivratī kriyāvāṁśca kāpotīṁ vṛttimāsthitaḥ ,
satramiṣṭīkṛtaṁ nāma samupāste mahātapāḥ.
4. atithivratī kriyāvān ca kāpotīm vṛttim āsthitaḥ
satram iṣṭīkṛtam nāma samupāste mahātapāḥ
4. That great ascetic (mahātapāḥ), observing the vow of hospitality and diligent in his religious duties, has adopted a pigeon-like way of life. He practices a sacrificial session (satra) which is called 'iṣṭīkṛta' (made of offerings).
सपुत्रदारो हि मुनिः पक्षाहारो बभूव सः ।
कपोतवृत्त्या पक्षेण व्रीहिद्रोणमुपार्जयत् ॥५॥
5. saputradāro hi muniḥ pakṣāhāro babhūva saḥ ,
kapotavṛttyā pakṣeṇa vrīhidroṇamupārjayat.
5. saputradāraḥ hi muniḥ pakṣāhāraḥ babhūva saḥ
kapotavṛttyā pakṣeṇa vrīhidroṇam upārjayat
5. Indeed, that sage (muni), along with his son and wife, subsisted on food gathered like a bird. By following the pigeon's way of life (kapotavṛttyā), he accumulated a droṇa of paddy grain by grain.
दर्शं च पौर्णमासं च कुर्वन्विगतमत्सरः ।
देवतातिथिशेषेण कुरुते देहयापनम् ॥६॥
6. darśaṁ ca paurṇamāsaṁ ca kurvanvigatamatsaraḥ ,
devatātithiśeṣeṇa kurute dehayāpanam.
6. darśam ca paurṇamāsam ca kurvan vigatamatsaraḥ
devatātithiśeṣeṇa kurute dehayāpanam
6. Free from envy (vigatamatsaraḥ), he performs both the new moon (darśa) and full moon (paurṇamāsa) sacrifices. He sustains his body by consuming only what remains after serving the deities (devatā) and guests (atithi).
तस्येन्द्रः सहितो देवैः साक्षात्त्रिभुवनेश्वरः ।
प्रत्यगृह्णान्महाराज भागं पर्वणि पर्वणि ॥७॥
7. tasyendraḥ sahito devaiḥ sākṣāttribhuvaneśvaraḥ ,
pratyagṛhṇānmahārāja bhāgaṁ parvaṇi parvaṇi.
7. tasya indraḥ sahitaḥ devaiḥ sākṣāt tribhuvaneśvaraḥ
pratyagṛhṇāt mahārāja bhāgam parvaṇi parvaṇi
7. O great king (mahārāja), Indra, the lord of the three worlds (tribhuvaneśvara), personally and accompanied by the gods, accepted his share (bhāga) of offerings on every auspicious occasion (parvan).
स पर्वकालं कृत्वा तु मुनिवृत्त्या समन्वितः ।
अतिथिभ्यो ददावन्नं प्रहृष्टेनान्तरात्मना ॥८॥
8. sa parvakālaṁ kṛtvā tu munivṛttyā samanvitaḥ ,
atithibhyo dadāvannaṁ prahṛṣṭenāntarātmanā.
8. saḥ parvakālam kṛtvā tu munivṛttyā samanvitaḥ
atithibhyaḥ dadau annam prahṛṣṭena antarātmanā
8. He, having performed the observances for the auspicious time and endowed with the conduct of a sage, indeed offered food to the guests with a greatly joyful inner self (ātman).
व्रीहिद्रोणस्य तदहो ददतोऽन्नं महात्मनः ।
शिष्टं मात्सर्यहीनस्य वर्धत्यतिथिदर्शनात् ॥९॥
9. vrīhidroṇasya tadaho dadato'nnaṁ mahātmanaḥ ,
śiṣṭaṁ mātsaryahīnasya vardhatyatithidarśanāt.
9. vrīhidroṇasya tat ahaḥ dadataḥ annam mahātmanaḥ
śiṣṭam mātsaryahīnasya vardhati atithidarśanāt
9. Indeed, the remaining portion of that food, from a "droṇa" of rice given by that great-souled one (mahātman) who was devoid of selfishness, would increase merely from the sight of guests.
तच्छतान्यपि भुञ्जन्ति ब्राह्मणानां मनीषिणाम् ।
मुनेस्त्यागविशुद्ध्या तु तदन्नं वृद्धिमृच्छति ॥१०॥
10. tacchatānyapi bhuñjanti brāhmaṇānāṁ manīṣiṇām ,
munestyāgaviśuddhyā tu tadannaṁ vṛddhimṛcchati.
10. tat śatāni api bhuñjanti brāhmaṇānām manīṣiṇām
muneḥ tyāgaviśuddhyā tu tat annam vṛddhim ṛcchati
10. Even hundreds of wise Brahmins would consume that (food). But truly, that food attained growth due to the purity of the sage's renunciation/sacrifice (tyāga).
तं तु शुश्राव धर्मिष्ठं मुद्गलं संशितव्रतम् ।
दुर्वासा नृप दिग्वासास्तमथाभ्याजगाम ह ॥११॥
11. taṁ tu śuśrāva dharmiṣṭhaṁ mudgalaṁ saṁśitavratam ,
durvāsā nṛpa digvāsāstamathābhyājagāma ha.
11. tam tu śuśrāva dharmiṣṭham mudgalam saṃśitavratam
durvāsā nṛpa digvāsāḥ tam atha abhyājagāma ha
11. O King, the sage Durvāsā, who was clothed only by the cardinal directions (a naked ascetic), indeed heard of that most righteous (dharmiṣṭha) Mudgala, who was steadfast in his vows. Then, he approached him.
बिभ्रच्चानियतं वेषमुन्मत्त इव पाण्डव ।
विकचः परुषा वाचो व्याहरन्विविधा मुनिः ॥१२॥
12. bibhraccāniyataṁ veṣamunmatta iva pāṇḍava ,
vikacaḥ paruṣā vāco vyāharanvividhā muniḥ.
12. bibhrat ca aniyataṃ veṣam unmattaḥ iva pāṇḍava
vikacaḥ paruṣāḥ vācaḥ vyāharan vividhāḥ muniḥ
12. O Pāṇḍava, the sage, adopting an unconventional appearance as if insane, was disheveled and spoke various harsh words.
अभिगम्याथ तं विप्रमुवाच मुनिसत्तमः ।
अन्नार्थिनमनुप्राप्तं विद्धि मां मुनिसत्तम ॥१३॥
13. abhigamyātha taṁ vipramuvāca munisattamaḥ ,
annārthinamanuprāptaṁ viddhi māṁ munisattama.
13. abhigamya atha taṃ vipram uvāca munisattamaḥ
annārthinaṃ anuprāptaṃ viddhi māṃ munisattama
13. Then, having approached that Brahmin (vipra), the foremost among sages spoke: 'O foremost among sages, know me to be one who has arrived, seeking food.'
स्वागतं तेऽस्त्विति मुनिं मुद्गलः प्रत्यभाषत ।
पाद्यमाचमनीयं च प्रतिवेद्यान्नमुत्तमम् ॥१४॥
14. svāgataṁ te'stviti muniṁ mudgalaḥ pratyabhāṣata ,
pādyamācamanīyaṁ ca prativedyānnamuttamam.
14. svāgataṃ te astu iti munim mudgalaḥ pratyabhāṣata
pādyaṃ ācamanīyaṃ ca prativedya annaṃ uttamam
14. Mudgala replied to the sage, saying, 'Welcome to you!' And having offered water for the feet and water for sipping, he presented excellent food.
प्रादात्स तपसोपात्तं क्षुधितायातिथिव्रती ।
उन्मत्ताय परां श्रद्धामास्थाय स धृतव्रतः ॥१५॥
15. prādātsa tapasopāttaṁ kṣudhitāyātithivratī ,
unmattāya parāṁ śraddhāmāsthāya sa dhṛtavrataḥ.
15. prādāt saḥ tapasā upāttaṃ kṣudhitāya ātithivratī
unmattāya parāṃ śraddhāṃ āsthāya saḥ dhṛtavrataḥ
15. He, Mudgala, the observer of the vow of hospitality (ātithivratī), having firmly established supreme reverence (śraddhā), gave to the hungry, 'mad' guest that which he had acquired through his spiritual austerities (tapas). He was truly steadfast in his vows (dhṛtavrataḥ).
ततस्तदन्नं रसवत्स एव क्षुधयान्वितः ।
बुभुजे कृत्स्नमुन्मत्तः प्रादात्तस्मै च मुद्गलः ॥१६॥
16. tatastadannaṁ rasavatsa eva kṣudhayānvitaḥ ,
bubhuje kṛtsnamunmattaḥ prādāttasmai ca mudgalaḥ.
16. tataḥ tat annam rasavat saḥ eva kṣudhayā anvitaḥ
bubhuje kṛtsnam unmattaḥ prādāt tasmai ca mudgalaḥ
16. Then, Mudgala gave him that delicious food, and he, afflicted by hunger, ate the entire meal himself, as if maddened.
भुक्त्वा चान्नं ततः सर्वमुच्छिष्टेनात्मनस्ततः ।
अथानुलिलिपेऽङ्गानि जगाम च यथागतम् ॥१७॥
17. bhuktvā cānnaṁ tataḥ sarvamucchiṣṭenātmanastataḥ ,
athānulilipe'ṅgāni jagāma ca yathāgatam.
17. bhuktvā ca annam tataḥ sarvam ucchiṣṭena ātmanaḥ
tataḥ atha anulilipe aṅgāni jagāma ca yathāgatam
17. After eating all the food, he then smeared his own limbs with the remnants. Thereupon, he departed just as he had arrived.
एवं द्वितीये संप्राप्ते पर्वकाले मनीषिणः ।
आगम्य बुभुजे सर्वमन्नमुञ्छोपजीविनः ॥१८॥
18. evaṁ dvitīye saṁprāpte parvakāle manīṣiṇaḥ ,
āgamya bubhuje sarvamannamuñchopajīvinaḥ.
18. evam dvitīye samprāpte parvakāle manīṣiṇaḥ
āgamya bubhuje sarvam annam uñchopajīvinaḥ
18. Thus, when the second festival (parvan) season arrived, he (the visitor), having come, consumed all the food belonging to the wise Mudgala, who subsisted by gleaning.
निराहारस्तु स मुनिरुञ्छमार्जयते पुनः ।
न चैनं विक्रियां नेतुमशकन्मुद्गलं क्षुधा ॥१९॥
19. nirāhārastu sa muniruñchamārjayate punaḥ ,
na cainaṁ vikriyāṁ netumaśakanmudgalaṁ kṣudhā.
19. nirāhāraḥ tu saḥ muniḥ uñcham ārjayate punaḥ na
ca enam vikriyām netum aśakat mudgalam kṣudhā
19. But that sage (Mudgala), remaining without food, again collected his gleanings. And hunger was unable to lead Mudgala to any change (vikriyā) in his disposition.
न क्रोधो न च मात्सर्यं नावमानो न संभ्रमः ।
सपुत्रदारमुञ्छन्तमाविवेश द्विजोत्तमम् ॥२०॥
20. na krodho na ca mātsaryaṁ nāvamāno na saṁbhramaḥ ,
saputradāramuñchantamāviveśa dvijottamam.
20. na krodhaḥ na ca mātsaryam na avamānaḥ na saṃbhramaḥ
| sa-putra-dāram uñchantam āviveśa dvija-uttamam
20. No anger, no jealousy, no disrespect, and no agitation affected that excellent Brahmin (dvijottamam) who was gleaning grains for sustenance with his wife and children.
तथा तमुञ्छधर्माणं दुर्वासा मुनिसत्तमम् ।
उपतस्थे यथाकालं षट्कृत्वः कृतनिश्चयः ॥२१॥
21. tathā tamuñchadharmāṇaṁ durvāsā munisattamam ,
upatasthe yathākālaṁ ṣaṭkṛtvaḥ kṛtaniścayaḥ.
21. tathā tam uñcha-dharmāṇam durvāsāḥ muni-sattamam
| upatasthe yathā-kālam ṣaṭ-kṛtvaḥ kṛta-niścayaḥ
21. With firm resolve, the sage (muni) Durvasa thus approached that best among sages (muni-sattamam) who practiced the natural law (dharma) of gleaning, doing so six times at the proper moment.
न चास्य मानसं किंचिद्विकारं ददृशे मुनिः ।
शुद्धसत्त्वस्य शुद्धं स ददृशे निर्मलं मनः ॥२२॥
22. na cāsya mānasaṁ kiṁcidvikāraṁ dadṛśe muniḥ ,
śuddhasattvasya śuddhaṁ sa dadṛśe nirmalaṁ manaḥ.
22. na ca asya mānasam kiñcit vikāram dadṛśe muniḥ |
śuddha-sattvasya śuddham sa dadṛśe nirmalam manaḥ
22. And the sage (muni) Durvasa observed no mental disturbance (vikāra) whatsoever in him; he saw the pure and spotless mind (manas) of one whose essence (sattva) was pure.
तमुवाच ततः प्रीतः स मुनिर्मुद्गलं तदा ।
त्वत्समो नास्ति लोकेऽस्मिन्दाता मात्सर्यवर्जितः ॥२३॥
23. tamuvāca tataḥ prītaḥ sa munirmudgalaṁ tadā ,
tvatsamo nāsti loke'smindātā mātsaryavarjitaḥ.
23. tam uvāca tataḥ prītaḥ sa muniḥ mudgalam tadā |
tvat-samaḥ na asti loke asmin dātā mātsarya-varjitaḥ
23. Then, pleased, that sage (muni) Durvasa spoke to Mudgala at that time: "There is no giver (dātā) like you in this world (loka), free from jealousy."
क्षुद्धर्मसंज्ञां प्रणुदत्यादत्ते धैर्यमेव च ।
विषयानुसारिणी जिह्वा कर्षत्येव रसान्प्रति ॥२४॥
24. kṣuddharmasaṁjñāṁ praṇudatyādatte dhairyameva ca ,
viṣayānusāriṇī jihvā karṣatyeva rasānprati.
24. kṣut dharmasaṃjñām praṇudati ādatte dhairyam eva
ca viṣayānusāriṇī jihvā karṣati eva rasān prati
24. Hunger drives away the awareness of one's duty (dharma) and also takes away one's fortitude. The tongue, constantly pursuing sense objects, indeed pulls one towards various tastes.
आहारप्रभवाः प्राणा मनो दुर्निग्रहं चलम् ।
मनसश्चेन्द्रियाणां चाप्यैकाग्र्यं निश्चितं तपः ॥२५॥
25. āhāraprabhavāḥ prāṇā mano durnigrahaṁ calam ,
manasaścendriyāṇāṁ cāpyaikāgryaṁ niścitaṁ tapaḥ.
25. āhāraprabhavāḥ prāṇāḥ manaḥ durnigraham calam
manasaḥ ca indriyāṇām ca api aikāgryam niścitam tapaḥ
25. Life-breaths (prāṇa) are produced by food. The mind is unsteady and difficult to restrain. Moreover, the one-pointed concentration of both the mind and the senses is a definite spiritual discipline (tapas).
श्रमेणोपार्जितं त्यक्तुं दुःखं शुद्धेन चेतसा ।
तत्सर्वं भवता साधो यथावदुपपादितम् ॥२६॥
26. śrameṇopārjitaṁ tyaktuṁ duḥkhaṁ śuddhena cetasā ,
tatsarvaṁ bhavatā sādho yathāvadupapāditam.
26. śrameṇa upārjitam tyaktum duḥkham śuddhena cetasā
tat sarvam bhavatā sādho yathāvat upapāditam
26. It is difficult to abandon what has been acquired through effort, even with a pure heart. O virtuous one (sādhu), all of this has been properly presented by you.
प्रीताः स्मोऽनुगृहीताश्च समेत्य भवता सह ।
इन्द्रियाभिजयो धैर्यं संविभागो दमः शमः ॥२७॥
27. prītāḥ smo'nugṛhītāśca sametya bhavatā saha ,
indriyābhijayo dhairyaṁ saṁvibhāgo damaḥ śamaḥ.
27. prītāḥ smaḥ anugṛhītāḥ ca sametya bhavatā saha
indriyābhijayaḥ dhairyam saṃvibhāgaḥ damaḥ śamaḥ
27. We are pleased and blessed (anugṛhīta), having come together with you. Conquest over the senses, fortitude, sharing, external self-control (dama), and mental tranquility (śama) are [important virtues].
दया सत्यं च धर्मश्च त्वयि सर्वं प्रतिष्ठितम् ।
जितास्ते कर्मभिर्लोकाः प्राप्तोऽसि परमां गतिम् ॥२८॥
28. dayā satyaṁ ca dharmaśca tvayi sarvaṁ pratiṣṭhitam ,
jitāste karmabhirlokāḥ prāpto'si paramāṁ gatim.
28. dayā satyam ca dharmaḥ ca tvayi sarvam pratiṣṭhitam
| jitāḥ te karmabhiḥ lokāḥ prāptaḥ asi paramām gatim
28. Compassion, truth, and natural law (dharma) - all are established in you. The worlds have been conquered for you through your actions (karma), and you have attained the supreme destination.
अहो दानं विघुष्टं ते सुमहत्स्वर्गवासिभिः ।
सशरीरो भवान्गन्ता स्वर्गं सुचरितव्रत ॥२९॥
29. aho dānaṁ vighuṣṭaṁ te sumahatsvargavāsibhiḥ ,
saśarīro bhavāngantā svargaṁ sucaritavrata.
29. aho dānam vighuṣṭam te sumahat svargavāsibhiḥ
| saśarīraḥ bhavān gantā svargam sucaritavrata
29. Oh, your very great generosity (dāna) has been proclaimed by the dwellers of heaven! O you whose vows are well-performed, you will go to heaven with your body!
इत्येवं वदतस्तस्य तदा दुर्वाससो मुनेः ।
देवदूतो विमानेन मुद्गलं प्रत्युपस्थितः ॥३०॥
30. ityevaṁ vadatastasya tadā durvāsaso muneḥ ,
devadūto vimānena mudgalaṁ pratyupasthitaḥ.
30. iti evam vadataḥ tasya tadā durvāsasaḥ muneḥ
| devadūtaḥ vimānena mudgalam prati upasthitaḥ
30. As that sage (muni) Durvāsa was speaking thus, at that very moment, a messenger of the gods (devadūta) appeared before Mudgala with an aerial chariot (vimāna).
हंससारसयुक्तेन किङ्किणीजालमालिना ।
कामगेन विचित्रेण दिव्यगन्धवता तथा ॥३१॥
31. haṁsasārasayuktena kiṅkiṇījālamālinā ,
kāmagena vicitreṇa divyagandhavatā tathā.
31. haṃsasārasayuktena kiṅkiṇījālamālinā |
kāmagena vicitreṇa divyagandhavatā tathā
31. It was yoked with swans and cranes (haṃsasārasayuktena), adorned with rows of bells (kiṅkiṇījālamālin), moved at will (kāmagena), wonderfully splendid (vicitreṇa), and possessing a divine fragrance (divyagandhavat).
उवाच चैनं विप्रर्षिं विमानं कर्मभिर्जितम् ।
समुपारोह संसिद्धिं प्राप्तोऽसि परमां मुने ॥३२॥
32. uvāca cainaṁ viprarṣiṁ vimānaṁ karmabhirjitam ,
samupāroha saṁsiddhiṁ prāpto'si paramāṁ mune.
32. uvāca ca enam viprarṣim vimānam karmabhiḥ jitam
samupāroha saṃsiddhim prāptaḥ asi paramām mune
32. And he said to that brahmin-sage, "Ascend this celestial chariot, which you have won through your actions (karma)! O sage, you have attained supreme accomplishment."
तमेवंवादिनमृषिर्देवदूतमुवाच ह ।
इच्छामि भवता प्रोक्तान्गुणान्स्वर्गनिवासिनाम् ॥३३॥
33. tamevaṁvādinamṛṣirdevadūtamuvāca ha ,
icchāmi bhavatā proktānguṇānsvarganivāsinām.
33. tam evamvādinaM ṛṣiḥ devadūtam uvāca ha
icchāmi bhavatā proktān guṇān svarganivāsinām
33. The sage then spoke to that divine messenger who had addressed him thus: "I wish to hear the qualities of the inhabitants of heaven as described by you."
के गुणास्तत्र वसतां किं तपः कश्च निश्चयः ।
स्वर्गे स्वर्गसुखं किं च दोषो वा देवदूतक ॥३४॥
34. ke guṇāstatra vasatāṁ kiṁ tapaḥ kaśca niścayaḥ ,
svarge svargasukhaṁ kiṁ ca doṣo vā devadūtaka.
34. ke guṇāḥ tatra vasatām kim tapaḥ kaḥ ca niścayaḥ
svarge svargasukham kim ca doṣaḥ vā devadūtaka
34. "What are the qualities of those dwelling there? What kind of austerity (tapas) do they practice, and what is their resolve? Also, what constitutes heavenly happiness, and what are its drawbacks, O divine messenger?"
सतां सप्तपदं मित्रमाहुः सन्तः कुलोचिताः ।
मित्रतां च पुरस्कृत्य पृच्छामि त्वामहं विभो ॥३५॥
35. satāṁ saptapadaṁ mitramāhuḥ santaḥ kulocitāḥ ,
mitratāṁ ca puraskṛtya pṛcchāmi tvāmahaṁ vibho.
35. satām saptapadam mitram āhuḥ santaḥ kulocitāḥ
mitratām ca puraskṛtya pṛcchāmi tvām aham vibho
35. "The virtuous, who uphold tradition, declare that friendship with good people is established by walking seven steps together. Therefore, honoring this friendship, I ask you, O lord."
यदत्र तथ्यं पथ्यं च तद्ब्रवीह्यविचारयन् ।
श्रुत्वा तथा करिष्यामि व्यवसायं गिरा तव ॥३६॥
36. yadatra tathyaṁ pathyaṁ ca tadbravīhyavicārayan ,
śrutvā tathā kariṣyāmi vyavasāyaṁ girā tava.
36. yat atra tathyam pathyam ca tat bravīhi avicārayan
śrutvā tathā kariṣyāmi vyavasāyam girā tava
36. Tell me, without hesitation, what is true and beneficial in this matter. Having heard your words, I will make my resolve and act accordingly.