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महाभारतः       mahābhārataḥ - book-13, chapter-60

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युधिष्ठिर उवाच ।
दानं यज्ञक्रिया चेह किं स्वित्प्रेत्य महाफलम् ।
कस्य ज्यायः फलं प्रोक्तं कीदृशेभ्यः कथं कदा ॥१॥
1. yudhiṣṭhira uvāca ,
dānaṁ yajñakriyā ceha kiṁ svitpretya mahāphalam ,
kasya jyāyaḥ phalaṁ proktaṁ kīdṛśebhyaḥ kathaṁ kadā.
1. yudhiṣṭhiraḥ uvāca dānam yajñakriyā
ca iha kim svit pretya
mahāphalam kasya jyāyaḥ phalam
proktam kīdṛśebhyaḥ katham kadā
1. yudhiṣṭhiraḥ uvāca iha dānam ca
yajñakriyā kim svit pretya
mahāphalam kasya jyāyaḥ phalam
proktam kīdṛśebhyaḥ katham kadā
1. Yudhishthira said: What, indeed, among giving (dāna) and the performance of Vedic rituals, yields great results after death? Of which is a superior fruit declared? And to what kind of people, how, and when (should it be done)?
एतदिच्छामि विज्ञातुं याथातथ्येन भारत ।
विद्वञ्जिज्ञासमानाय दानधर्मान्प्रचक्ष्व मे ॥२॥
2. etadicchāmi vijñātuṁ yāthātathyena bhārata ,
vidvañjijñāsamānāya dānadharmānpracakṣva me.
2. etad icchāmi vijñātum yāthātathyena bhārata
vidvan jijñāsamānāya dānadharmān pracakṣva me
2. bhārata vidvan etad yāthātathyena vijñātum
icchāmi jijñāsamānāya me dānadharmān pracakṣva
2. O descendant of Bharata, I wish to truly understand this. O learned one, please explain to me, who is seeking knowledge, the principles of giving (dāna).
अन्तर्वेद्यां च यद्दत्तं श्रद्धया चानृशंस्यतः ।
किं स्विन्निःश्रेयसं तात तन्मे ब्रूहि पितामह ॥३॥
3. antarvedyāṁ ca yaddattaṁ śraddhayā cānṛśaṁsyataḥ ,
kiṁ svinniḥśreyasaṁ tāta tanme brūhi pitāmaha.
3. antarvedyām ca yat dattam śraddhayā ca anṛśaṃsyataḥ
kim svit niḥśreyasam tāta tat me brūhi pitāmaha
3. pitāmaha tāta,
antarvedyām ca śraddhayā ca anṛśaṃsyataḥ yat dattam,
tat me kim svit niḥśreyasam brūhi.
3. O Grandfather, please tell me, dear one, what indeed is the highest good (niḥśreyasam) that results from what is given within the sacrificial enclosure with both faith (śraddhā) and benevolence.
भीष्म उवाच ।
रौद्रं कर्म क्षत्रियस्य सततं तात वर्तते ।
तस्य वैतानिकं कर्म दानं चैवेह पावनम् ॥४॥
4. bhīṣma uvāca ,
raudraṁ karma kṣatriyasya satataṁ tāta vartate ,
tasya vaitānikaṁ karma dānaṁ caiveha pāvanam.
4. bhīṣma uvāca raudram karma kṣatriyasya satatam tāta
vartate tasya vaitānikam karma dānam ca eva iha pāvanam
4. bhīṣma uvāca.
tāta,
kṣatriyasya raudram karma satatam vartate.
tasya iha vaitānikam karma dānam ca eva pāvanam.
4. Bhishma said: 'O dear one, a kshatriya's action (karma) is inherently fierce. For such a person, the Vedic rituals performed with the sacred fires (vaitānika karma) and giving (dāna) are indeed purifying in this world.'
न तु पापकृतां राज्ञां प्रतिगृह्णन्ति साधवः ।
एतस्मात्कारणाद्यज्ञैर्यजेद्राजाप्तदक्षिणैः ॥५॥
5. na tu pāpakṛtāṁ rājñāṁ pratigṛhṇanti sādhavaḥ ,
etasmātkāraṇādyajñairyajedrājāptadakṣiṇaiḥ.
5. na tu pāpakṛtām rājñām pratigṛhṇanti sādhavaḥ
etasmāt kāraṇāt yajñaiḥ yajet rājā āptadakṣiṇaiḥ
5. tu sādhavaḥ pāpakṛtām rājñām na pratigṛhṇanti.
etasmāt kāraṇāt rājā āptadakṣiṇaiḥ yajñaiḥ yajet.
5. However, righteous individuals do not accept gifts from sinful kings. For this very reason, a king should perform Vedic rituals (yajña) accompanied by ample ritual fees (dakṣiṇā).
अथ चेत्प्रतिगृह्णीयुर्दद्यादहरहर्नृपः ।
श्रद्धामास्थाय परमां पावनं ह्येतदुत्तमम् ॥६॥
6. atha cetpratigṛhṇīyurdadyādaharaharnṛpaḥ ,
śraddhāmāsthāya paramāṁ pāvanaṁ hyetaduttamam.
6. atha cet pratigṛhṇīyuḥ dadyāt aharahaḥ nṛpaḥ
śraddhām āsthāya paramām pāvanam hi etat uttamam
6. atha cet te (sādhavaḥ) pratigṛhṇīyuḥ,
(tadā) nṛpaḥ paramām śraddhām āsthāya aharahaḥ dadyāt.
hi etat uttamam pāvanam.
6. Now, if they were to accept (gifts from him), the king should give daily, cultivating the highest faith (śraddhā). For this indeed is the supreme purifier.
ब्राह्मणांस्तर्पयेद्द्रव्यैस्ततो यज्ञे यतव्रतः ।
मैत्रान्साधून्वेदविदः शीलवृत्ततपोन्वितान् ॥७॥
7. brāhmaṇāṁstarpayeddravyaistato yajñe yatavrataḥ ,
maitrānsādhūnvedavidaḥ śīlavṛttataponvitān.
7. brāhmaṇān tarpayet dravyaiḥ tataḥ yajñe yatavrataḥ
maitrān sādhūn vedavidaḥ śīlavṛttataponvitān
7. tataḥ yatavrataḥ yajñe brāhmaṇān dravyaiḥ tarpayet
maitrān sādhūn vedavidaḥ śīlavṛttataponvitān
7. Then, a person disciplined in their vows should satisfy, with wealth (dravyaiḥ), during a Vedic ritual (yajña), those benevolent and virtuous brahmins who are knowledgeable in the Vedas and endowed with good character, conduct, and spiritual austerities (tapas).
यत्ते तेन करिष्यन्ति कृतं तेन भविष्यति ।
यज्ञान्साधय साधुभ्यः स्वाद्वन्नान्दक्षिणावतः ॥८॥
8. yatte tena kariṣyanti kṛtaṁ tena bhaviṣyati ,
yajñānsādhaya sādhubhyaḥ svādvannāndakṣiṇāvataḥ.
8. yat te tena kariṣyanti kṛtam tena bhaviṣyati
yajñān sādhaya sādhubhyaḥ svādvannān dakṣiṇādvataḥ
8. yat te tena kariṣyanti tena kṛtam bhaviṣyati (tvam)
sādhubhyaḥ svādvannān dakṣiṇādvataḥ yajñān sādhaya
8. Whatever they accomplish through that, by that very means it will come to be. Therefore, for the virtuous (sādhu), conduct Vedic rituals (yajña) that involve delicious food and ample offerings (dakṣiṇā).
इष्टं दत्तं च मन्येथा आत्मानं दानकर्मणा ।
पूजयेथा यायजूकांस्तवाप्यंशो भवेद्यथा ॥९॥
9. iṣṭaṁ dattaṁ ca manyethā ātmānaṁ dānakarmaṇā ,
pūjayethā yāyajūkāṁstavāpyaṁśo bhavedyathā.
9. iṣṭam dattam ca manyethāḥ ātmānam dānakarmaṇā
pūjayethāḥ yāyajūkān tava api aṃśaḥ bhavet yathā
9. (tvam) dānakarmaṇā iṣṭam dattam ca (tat) ātmānam manyethāḥ
(tvam) yāyajūkān pūjayethāḥ yathā tava api aṃśaḥ bhavet
9. You should consider your true self (ātman) to have performed Vedic rituals (iṣṭa) and given gifts (dāna) by the very act of giving (dānakarma). You should honor those who constantly perform Vedic rituals so that a share of their merit may also become yours.
प्रजावतो भरेथाश्च ब्राह्मणान्बहुभारिणः ।
प्रजावांस्तेन भवति यथा जनयिता तथा ॥१०॥
10. prajāvato bharethāśca brāhmaṇānbahubhāriṇaḥ ,
prajāvāṁstena bhavati yathā janayitā tathā.
10. prajāvataḥ bharethāḥ ca brāhmaṇān bahubhāriṇaḥ
prajāvān tena bhavati yathā janayitā tathā
10. (tvam) prajāvataḥ bahubhāriṇaḥ brāhmaṇān ca bharethāḥ
tena (puruṣaḥ) prajāvān bhavati yathā janayitā tathā
10. You should also support those brahmins who have offspring and many dependents. By doing this, one becomes a parent (prajāvat) oneself, just as the progenitor (janayitā) [of a family] is.
यावतो वै साधुधर्मान्सन्तः संवर्तयन्त्युत ।
सर्वे ते चापि भर्तव्या नरा ये बहुभारिणः ॥११॥
11. yāvato vai sādhudharmānsantaḥ saṁvartayantyuta ,
sarve te cāpi bhartavyā narā ye bahubhāriṇaḥ.
11. yāvataḥ vai sādhudharmān santaḥ saṃvartayanti uta
sarve te ca api bhartavyāḥ narāḥ ye bahubhāriṇaḥ
11. All those righteous principles (dharma) that good people indeed uphold, and similarly, all those men who bear heavy burdens, should be supported.
समृद्धः संप्रयच्छस्व ब्राह्मणेभ्यो युधिष्ठिर ।
धेनूरनडुहोऽन्नानि च्छत्रं वासांस्युपानहौ ॥१२॥
12. samṛddhaḥ saṁprayacchasva brāhmaṇebhyo yudhiṣṭhira ,
dhenūranaḍuho'nnāni cchatraṁ vāsāṁsyupānahau.
12. samṛddhaḥ saṃprayacchasva brāhmaṇebhyaḥ yudhiṣṭhira
dhenūḥ anaḍuhaḥ annāni chatram vāsāṃsi upānahau
12. O Yudhiṣṭhira, when you are prosperous, give to the Brahmins cows, oxen, food, umbrellas, clothes, and shoes.
आज्यानि यजमानेभ्यस्तथान्नाद्यानि भारत ।
अश्ववन्ति च यानानि वेश्मानि शयनानि च ॥१३॥
13. ājyāni yajamānebhyastathānnādyāni bhārata ,
aśvavanti ca yānāni veśmāni śayanāni ca.
13. ājyāni yajamānebhyaḥ tathā annādyāni bhārata
aśvavanti ca yānāni veśmāni śayanāni ca
13. O Bhārata, likewise give ghee and other edibles to the performers of Vedic rituals (yajamāna), and also horse-drawn vehicles, houses, and beds.
एते देया व्युष्टिमन्तो लघूपायाश्च भारत ।
अजुगुप्सांश्च विज्ञाय ब्राह्मणान्वृत्तिकर्शितान् ॥१४॥
14. ete deyā vyuṣṭimanto laghūpāyāśca bhārata ,
ajugupsāṁśca vijñāya brāhmaṇānvṛttikarśitān.
14. ete deyāḥ vyuṣṭimantaḥ laghūpāyāḥ ca bhārata
ajugupsān ca vijñāya brāhmaṇān vṛttikarśitān
14. O Bhārata, these gifts should be given, as they bring forth auspicious results and require little effort, having recognized those blameless Brahmins who are afflicted in their livelihood.
उपच्छन्नं प्रकाशं वा वृत्त्या तान्प्रतिपादय ।
राजसूयाश्वमेधाभ्यां श्रेयस्तत्क्षत्रियान्प्रति ॥१५॥
15. upacchannaṁ prakāśaṁ vā vṛttyā tānpratipādaya ,
rājasūyāśvamedhābhyāṁ śreyastatkṣatriyānprati.
15. upacchannam prakāśam vā vṛttyā tān pratipādaya
rājasūyāśvamedhābhyām śreyas tat kṣatriyān prati
15. upacchannam vā prakāśam vṛttyā tān pratipādaya
tat śreyas rājasūyāśvamedhābhyām kṣatriyān prati
15. Whether openly or discreetly, you should provide them (the kshatriyas) with a means of livelihood. That (provision) for kshatriyas is superior to (performing) a royal consecration (rājasūya) or a horse Vedic ritual (aśvamedha).
एवं पापैर्विमुक्तस्त्वं पूतः स्वर्गमवाप्स्यसि ।
स्रंसयित्वा पुनः कोशं यद्राष्ट्रं पालयिष्यसि ॥१६॥
16. evaṁ pāpairvimuktastvaṁ pūtaḥ svargamavāpsyasi ,
sraṁsayitvā punaḥ kośaṁ yadrāṣṭraṁ pālayiṣyasi.
16. evam pāpaiḥ vimuktaḥ tvam pūtaḥ svargam avāpsyasi
| sraṃsayitvā punaḥ kośam yat rāṣṭram pālayiṣyasi
16. evam tvam pāpaiḥ vimuktaḥ pūtaḥ svargam avāpsyasi
yat rāṣṭram kośam punaḥ sraṃsayitvā pālayiṣyasi
16. Thus, freed from sins and purified, you will attain heaven, when you govern the kingdom after having again spent from its treasury (for the welfare of the people).
ततश्च ब्रह्मभूयस्त्वमवाप्स्यसि धनानि च ।
आत्मनश्च परेषां च वृत्तिं संरक्ष भारत ॥१७॥
17. tataśca brahmabhūyastvamavāpsyasi dhanāni ca ,
ātmanaśca pareṣāṁ ca vṛttiṁ saṁrakṣa bhārata.
17. tataḥ ca brahmabhūyaḥ tvam avāpsyasi dhanāni ca
| ātmanaḥ ca pareṣām ca vṛttim saṃrakṣa bhārata
17. tataḥ ca tvam brahmabhūyaḥ dhanāni ca avāpsyasi Bhārata,
ātmanaḥ ca pareṣām ca vṛttim saṃrakṣa
17. And thereafter, you will attain the state of "brahman" (brahmabhūya) and riches. O Bhārata, protect the livelihood of yourself and others.
पुत्रवच्चापि भृत्यान्स्वान्प्रजाश्च परिपालय ।
योगक्षेमश्च ते नित्यं ब्राह्मणेष्वस्तु भारत ॥१८॥
18. putravaccāpi bhṛtyānsvānprajāśca paripālaya ,
yogakṣemaśca te nityaṁ brāhmaṇeṣvastu bhārata.
18. putravat ca api bhṛtyān svān prajāḥ ca paripālaya
| yogakṣemaḥ ca te nityam brāhmaṇeṣu astu bhārata
18. putravat ca api svān bhṛtyān prajāḥ ca paripālaya Bhārata,
te nityam yogakṣemaḥ ca brāhmaṇeṣu astu
18. And protect your own servants and subjects as if they were your sons. And, O Bhārata, let your efforts for the welfare and security (yogakṣema) of the brahmins always be present.
अरक्षितारं हर्तारं विलोप्तारमदायकम् ।
तं स्म राजकलिं हन्युः प्रजाः संभूय निर्घृणम् ॥१९॥
19. arakṣitāraṁ hartāraṁ viloptāramadāyakam ,
taṁ sma rājakaliṁ hanyuḥ prajāḥ saṁbhūya nirghṛṇam.
19. arakṣitāram hartāram viloptāram adāyakam tam
sma rājakalim hanyuḥ prajāḥ saṃbhūya nirghṛṇam
19. prajāḥ saṃbhūya arakṣitāram hartāram viloptāram
adāyakam tam nirghṛṇam rājakalim sma hanyuḥ
19. Having united, the people should mercilessly kill such an evil ruler (rājakali) who fails to protect, who plunders, who destroys, and who gives nothing in return.
अहं वो रक्षितेत्युक्त्वा यो न रक्षति भूमिपः ।
स संहत्य निहन्तव्यः श्वेव सोन्माद आतुरः ॥२०॥
20. ahaṁ vo rakṣitetyuktvā yo na rakṣati bhūmipaḥ ,
sa saṁhatya nihantavyaḥ śveva sonmāda āturaḥ.
20. aham vaḥ rakṣitā iti uktvā yaḥ na rakṣati bhūmipaḥ
saḥ saṃhatya nihantavyaḥ śvā iva saunmādaḥ āturaḥ
20. yaḥ bhūmipaḥ "aham vaḥ rakṣitā" iti uktvā na rakṣati,
saḥ saṃhatya saunmādaḥ āturaḥ śvā iva nihantavyaḥ
20. The king who, after declaring "I am your protector," fails to protect his people, should be killed collectively, just like a rabid, sick dog.
पापं कुर्वन्ति यत्किंचित्प्रजा राज्ञा ह्यरक्षिताः ।
चतुर्थं तस्य पापस्य राजा भारत विन्दति ॥२१॥
21. pāpaṁ kurvanti yatkiṁcitprajā rājñā hyarakṣitāḥ ,
caturthaṁ tasya pāpasya rājā bhārata vindati.
21. pāpam kurvanti yat kiñcit prajāḥ rājñā hi arakṣitāḥ
caturtham tasya pāpasya rājā bhārata vindati
21. bhārata,
yat kiñcit pāpam prajāḥ rājñā hi arakṣitāḥ kurvanti,
rājā tasya pāpasya caturtham vindati
21. O Bhārata, whatever sin the people, being left unprotected by the king, commit, the king indeed incurs a fourth portion of that sin.
अप्याहुः सर्वमेवेति भूयोऽर्धमिति निश्चयः ।
चतुर्थं मतमस्माकं मनोः श्रुत्वानुशासनम् ॥२२॥
22. apyāhuḥ sarvameveti bhūyo'rdhamiti niścayaḥ ,
caturthaṁ matamasmākaṁ manoḥ śrutvānuśāsanam.
22. api āhuḥ sarvam eva iti bhūyaḥ ardham iti niścayaḥ
caturtham matam asmākam manoḥ śrutvā anuśāsanam
22. api āhuḥ "sarvam eva" iti; bhūyaḥ "ardham" iti niścayaḥ;
manoḥ anuśāsanam śrutvā asmākam matam caturtham (iti)
22. Some also say that the king incurs "all" of it, while others are certain it is "half." However, having heard Manu's instruction (anuśāsanam), our view is that it is "a fourth."
शुभं वा यत्प्रकुर्वन्ति प्रजा राज्ञा सुरक्षिताः ।
चतुर्थं तस्य पुण्यस्य राजा चाप्नोति भारत ॥२३॥
23. śubhaṁ vā yatprakurvanti prajā rājñā surakṣitāḥ ,
caturthaṁ tasya puṇyasya rājā cāpnoti bhārata.
23. śubham vā yat prakurvanti prajāḥ rājñā surakṣitāḥ
caturtham tasya puṇyasya rājā ca āpnoti bhārata
23. bhārata,
rājñā surakṣitāḥ prajāḥ yat vā śubham prakurvanti,
tasya puṇyasya caturtham rājā ca āpnoti.
23. O Bhārata, whatever good deeds the subjects perform, being well-protected by the king, the king also obtains a fourth part of that merit (puṇya).
जीवन्तं त्वानुजीवन्तु प्रजाः सर्वा युधिष्ठिर ।
पर्जन्यमिव भूतानि महाद्रुममिव द्विजाः ॥२४॥
24. jīvantaṁ tvānujīvantu prajāḥ sarvā yudhiṣṭhira ,
parjanyamiva bhūtāni mahādrumamiva dvijāḥ.
24. jīvantam tu tvā anu-jīvantu prajāḥ sarvāḥ yudhiṣṭhira
parjanyam iva bhūtāni mahādrumam iva dvijāḥ
24. yudhiṣṭhira,
tu sarvāḥ prajāḥ jīvantam tvā anu-jīvantu; bhūtāni parjanyam iva,
dvijāḥ mahādrumam iva.
24. O Yudhiṣṭhira, let all your subjects thrive under you while you are alive, just as creatures depend on the rain cloud, and birds (dvijāḥ) depend on a great tree.
कुबेरमिव रक्षांसि शतक्रतुमिवामराः ।
ज्ञातयस्त्वानुजीवन्तु सुहृदश्च परंतप ॥२५॥
25. kuberamiva rakṣāṁsi śatakratumivāmarāḥ ,
jñātayastvānujīvantu suhṛdaśca paraṁtapa.
25. kuberam iva rakṣāṃsi śatakratum iva amarāḥ
jñātayaḥ tu tvā anu-jīvantu suhṛdaḥ ca paraṃtapa
25. paraṃtapa,
rakṣāṃsi kuberam iva,
amarāḥ śatakratum iva,
tu jñātayaḥ ca suhṛdaḥ tvā anu-jīvantu.
25. O Scorcher of Foes (paraṃtapa), just as Rākṣasas follow Kubera, and gods follow Indra (śatakratu), so too let your relatives and friends thrive under you.