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महाभारतः       mahābhārataḥ - book-12, chapter-61

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भीष्म उवाच ।
आश्रमाणां महाबाहो शृणु सत्यपराक्रम ।
चतुर्णामिह वर्णानां कर्माणि च युधिष्ठिर ॥१॥
1. bhīṣma uvāca ,
āśramāṇāṁ mahābāho śṛṇu satyaparākrama ,
caturṇāmiha varṇānāṁ karmāṇi ca yudhiṣṭhira.
1. bhīṣmaḥ uvāca | āśramāṇām mahābāho śṛṇu satyaparākrama
| caturṇām iha varṇānām karmāṇi ca yudhiṣṭhira
1. bhīṣmaḥ uvāca mahābāho satyaparākrama yudhiṣṭhira
iha caturṇām āśramāṇām ca varṇānām karmāṇi śṛṇu
1. Bhishma said: O mighty-armed one, O Yudhishthira of true valor, listen now to the duties (karma) of the four social classes (varṇas) and the stages of life (āśramas).
वानप्रस्थं भैक्षचर्यां गार्हस्थ्यं च महाश्रमम् ।
ब्रह्मचर्याश्रमं प्राहुश्चतुर्थं ब्राह्मणैर्वृतम् ॥२॥
2. vānaprasthaṁ bhaikṣacaryāṁ gārhasthyaṁ ca mahāśramam ,
brahmacaryāśramaṁ prāhuścaturthaṁ brāhmaṇairvṛtam.
2. vānaprastham bhaikṣacaryām gārhasthyam ca mahāśramam
| brahmacaryāśramam prāhuḥ caturtham brāhmaṇaiḥ vṛtam
2. vānaprastham bhaikṣacaryām gārhasthyam ca mahāśramam
prāhuḥ brahmacaryāśramam caturtham brāhmaṇaiḥ vṛtam
2. They declare the forest-dweller (vānaprastha) stage, the mendicant (bhaikṣacaryā) stage, and the householder (gārhasthya) stage, which is considered a great stage of life. The student (brahmacarya) stage is called the fourth, observed by Brahmins.
जटाकरणसंस्कारं द्विजातित्वमवाप्य च ।
आधानादीनि कर्माणि प्राप्य वेदमधीत्य च ॥३॥
3. jaṭākaraṇasaṁskāraṁ dvijātitvamavāpya ca ,
ādhānādīni karmāṇi prāpya vedamadhītya ca.
3. jaṭākaraṇasaṃskāram dvijātitvam avāpya ca |
ādhānādīni karmāṇi prāpya vedam adhītya ca
3. jaṭākaraṇasaṃskāram ca dvijātitvam avāpya
vedam adhītya ca ādhānādīni karmāṇi prāpya
3. Having undergone the ritual (saṃskāra) of adopting matted hair and having attained the status of a twice-born (dvija), and having performed the Agnyādhāna and other primary Vedic duties (karma), and having studied the Veda...
सदारो वाप्यदारो वा आत्मवान्संयतेन्द्रियः ।
वानप्रस्थाश्रमं गच्छेत्कृतकृत्यो गृहाश्रमात् ॥४॥
4. sadāro vāpyadāro vā ātmavānsaṁyatendriyaḥ ,
vānaprasthāśramaṁ gacchetkṛtakṛtyo gṛhāśramāt.
4. sadāraḥ vā api adāraḥ vā ātmavān saṃyatendriyaḥ
| vānaprasthāśramam gacchet kṛtakṛtyaḥ gṛhāśramāt
4. sadāraḥ vā api adāraḥ vā,
ātmavān saṃyatendriyaḥ,
gṛhāśramāt kṛtakṛtyaḥ vānaprasthāśramam gacchet
4. Whether with his wife or without, a self-possessed (ātman) person with controlled senses, having fulfilled all his duties (karma) from the householder (gṛhāśrama) stage, should enter the forest-dweller (vānaprastha) stage.
तत्रारण्यकशास्त्राणि समधीत्य स धर्मवित् ।
ऊर्ध्वरेताः प्रजायित्वा गच्छत्यक्षरसात्मताम् ॥५॥
5. tatrāraṇyakaśāstrāṇi samadhītya sa dharmavit ,
ūrdhvaretāḥ prajāyitvā gacchatyakṣarasātmatām.
5. tatra āraṇyakaśāstrāṇi samadhītya sa dharmavit
ūrdhvaretāḥ prajāyitvā gacchati akṣarasātmatām
5. sa dharmavit tatra āraṇyakaśāstrāṇi samadhītya
prajāyitvā ūrdhvaretāḥ akṣarasātmatām gacchati
5. There, that knower of natural law (dharma), having thoroughly studied the forest treatises and having fulfilled the duty of procreation, becomes an ascetic (ūrdhvaretas) and attains identity with the imperishable (akṣara).
एतान्येव निमित्तानि मुनीनामूर्ध्वरेतसाम् ।
कर्तव्यानीह विप्रेण राजन्नादौ विपश्चिता ॥६॥
6. etānyeva nimittāni munīnāmūrdhvaretasām ,
kartavyānīha vipreṇa rājannādau vipaścitā.
6. etāni eva nimittāni munīnām ūrdhvaretasām
kartavyāni iha vipreṇa rājan ādau vipaścitā
6. rājan iha ādau vipaścitā vipreṇa etāni eva
ūrdhvaretasām munīnām nimittāni kartavyāni
6. O King, these very observances (nimittas) of the celibate ascetics (munis, ūrdhvaretas) must be performed here, first, by a discerning Brahmin.
चरितब्रह्मचर्यस्य ब्राह्मणस्य विशां पते ।
भैक्षचर्यास्वधीकारः प्रशस्त इह मोक्षिणः ॥७॥
7. caritabrahmacaryasya brāhmaṇasya viśāṁ pate ,
bhaikṣacaryāsvadhīkāraḥ praśasta iha mokṣiṇaḥ.
7. caritabrahmacaryasya brāhmaṇasya viśām pate
bhaikṣacaryāsu adhikāraḥ praśastaḥ iha mokṣiṇaḥ
7. viśām pate iha caritabrahmacaryasya brāhmaṇasya
mokṣiṇaḥ bhaikṣacaryāsu adhikāraḥ praśastaḥ
7. O Lord of the people, for a Brahmin who has observed celibacy (brahmacarya) and desires liberation (mokṣa), the practice of mendicancy (bhaikṣacarya) is commendable here.
यत्रास्तमितशायी स्यान्निरग्निरनिकेतनः ।
यथोपलब्धजीवी स्यान्मुनिर्दान्तो जितेन्द्रियः ॥८॥
8. yatrāstamitaśāyī syānniragniraniketanaḥ ,
yathopalabdhajīvī syānmunirdānto jitendriyaḥ.
8. yatra astamitaśāyī syāt niragniḥ aniketanaḥ
yathopalabdhajīvī syāt muniḥ dāntaḥ jitendriyaḥ
8. muniḥ dāntaḥ jitendriyaḥ syāt (yaḥ) niragniḥ
aniketanaḥ astamitaśāyī yathopalabdhajīvī (ca) syāt
8. An ascetic (muni) should be one who sleeps wherever dusk finds him, without a sacred fire (niragni), homeless (aniketana), living on whatever he obtains, self-controlled (dānta), and with senses conquered (jitendriya).
निराशीः स्यात्सर्वसमो निर्भोगो निर्विकारवान् ।
विप्रः क्षेमाश्रमं प्राप्तो गच्छत्यक्षरसात्मताम् ॥९॥
9. nirāśīḥ syātsarvasamo nirbhogo nirvikāravān ,
vipraḥ kṣemāśramaṁ prāpto gacchatyakṣarasātmatām.
9. nirāśīḥ syāt sarvasamaḥ nirbhogaḥ nirvikāravān
vipraḥ kṣemāśramam prāptaḥ gacchati akṣarasātmatām
9. vipraḥ nirāśīḥ sarvasamaḥ nirbhogaḥ nirvikāravān
syāt kṣemāśramam prāptaḥ akṣarasātmatām gacchati
9. A wise person (vipra) who is free from desires, impartial towards all, unattached to worldly enjoyments, and free from mental fluctuations, having reached a state of peace, attains identity with the imperishable (brahman).
अधीत्य वेदान्कृतसर्वकृत्यः संतानमुत्पाद्य सुखानि भुक्त्वा ।
समाहितः प्रचरेद्दुश्चरं तं गार्हस्थ्यधर्मं मुनिधर्मदृष्टम् ॥१०॥
10. adhītya vedānkṛtasarvakṛtyaḥ; saṁtānamutpādya sukhāni bhuktvā ,
samāhitaḥ pracaredduścaraṁ taṁ; gārhasthyadharmaṁ munidharmadṛṣṭam.
10. adhītya vedān kṛtasarvakṛtyaḥ
saṃtānam utpādya sukhāni bhuktvā
samāhitaḥ pracaret duścaram tam
gārhasthyadharmam munidharmadṛṣṭam
10. vedān adhītya kṛtasarvakṛtyaḥ
saṃtānam utpādya sukhāni bhuktvā
samāhitaḥ tam duścaram munidharmadṛṣṭam
gārhasthyadharmam pracaret
10. After having studied the Vedas, fulfilled all obligations, begotten offspring, and enjoyed worldly pleasures, a self-controlled person should then practice that difficult natural law (dharma) of a householder, as it is viewed by the natural law (dharma) of sages.
स्वदारतुष्ट ऋतुकालगामी नियोगसेवी नशठो नजिह्मः ।
मिताशनो देवपरः कृतज्ञः सत्यो मृदुश्चानृशंसः क्षमावान् ॥११॥
11. svadāratuṣṭa ṛtukālagāmī; niyogasevī naśaṭho najihmaḥ ,
mitāśano devaparaḥ kṛtajñaḥ; satyo mṛduścānṛśaṁsaḥ kṣamāvān.
11. svadāratuṣṭaḥ ṛtukālagāmī niyogasevī na śaṭhaḥ na jihmaḥ
mitāśanaḥ devaparaḥ kṛtajñaḥ satyaḥ mṛduḥ ca anṛśaṃsaḥ kṣamāvān
11. svadāratuṣṭaḥ ṛtukālagāmī niyogasevī
na śaṭhaḥ na jihmaḥ mitāśanaḥ
devaparaḥ kṛtajñaḥ satyaḥ
mṛduḥ ca anṛśaṃsaḥ kṣamāvān (syāt)
11. Content with his own wife, approaching her at the proper season, observant of prescribed duties, he is not stubborn nor dishonest. He is moderate in his eating, devoted to the deities, grateful, truthful, gentle, benevolent, and forgiving.
दान्तो विधेयो हव्यकव्येऽप्रमत्तो अन्नस्य दाता सततं द्विजेभ्यः ।
अमत्सरी सर्वलिङ्गिप्रदाता वैताननित्यश्च गृहाश्रमी स्यात् ॥१२॥
12. dānto vidheyo havyakavye'pramatto; annasya dātā satataṁ dvijebhyaḥ ,
amatsarī sarvaliṅgipradātā; vaitānanityaśca gṛhāśramī syāt.
12. dāntaḥ vidheyaḥ havyakavye apramattaḥ
annasya dātā satataṃ dvijebhyaḥ
amatsarī sarvaliṅgipradātā
vaitānanityaḥ ca gṛhāśramī syāt
12. gṛhāśramī dāntaḥ vidheyaḥ havyakavye
apramattaḥ annasya dātā
satataṃ dvijebhyaḥ amatsarī
sarvaliṅgipradātā ca vaitānanityaḥ syāt
12. A householder (āśrama) should be self-controlled and obedient, vigilant in providing oblations for both gods and ancestors. He should constantly give food to Brahmins, be free from envy, provide for all religious mendicants, and always perform Vedic fire rituals (homa).
अथात्र नारायणगीतमाहुर्महर्षयस्तात महानुभावाः ।
महार्थमत्यर्थतपःप्रयुक्तं तदुच्यमानं हि मया निबोध ॥१३॥
13. athātra nārāyaṇagītamāhu;rmaharṣayastāta mahānubhāvāḥ ,
mahārthamatyarthatapaḥprayuktaṁ; taducyamānaṁ hi mayā nibodha.
13. atha atra nārāyaṇagītam āhuḥ maharṣayaḥ tāta mahānubhāvāḥ
mahārtham atyarthatapaḥprayuktam tat ucyamānam hi mayā nibodha
13. tāta,
atha atra mahānubhāvāḥ maharṣayaḥ mahārtham atyarthatapaḥprayuktam nārāyaṇagītam āhuḥ hi mayā ucyamānam tat nibodha
13. Now, dear son, the great and venerable sages declare here the teaching of Nārāyaṇa, which is of great significance and born of exceedingly severe austerity (tapas). Therefore, understand what is now being spoken by me.
सत्यार्जवं चातिथिपूजनं च धर्मस्तथार्थश्च रतिश्च दारे ।
निषेवितव्यानि सुखानि लोके ह्यस्मिन्परे चैव मतं ममैतत् ॥१४॥
14. satyārjavaṁ cātithipūjanaṁ ca; dharmastathārthaśca ratiśca dāre ,
niṣevitavyāni sukhāni loke; hyasminpare caiva mataṁ mamaitat.
14. satyam ārjavam ca atithipūjanam ca
dharmaḥ tathā arthaḥ ca ratiḥ ca
dāre niṣevitavyāni sukhāni loke hi
asmin pare ca eva matam mama etat
14. satyam,
ārjavam ca,
atithipūjanam ca,
tathā dharmaḥ ca,
arthaḥ ca,
dāre ratiḥ ca – [etāni] sukhāni asmin loke pare ca eva hi niṣevitavyāni.
etat mama matam.
14. Truthfulness, straightforwardness, and honoring guests, as well as one's duty (dharma), prosperity, and pleasure with one's wife – these sources of happiness should be cultivated in this world and indeed in the next. This is my conviction.
भरणं पुत्रदाराणां वेदानां पारणं तथा ।
सतां तमाश्रमं श्रेष्ठं वदन्ति परमर्षयः ॥१५॥
15. bharaṇaṁ putradārāṇāṁ vedānāṁ pāraṇaṁ tathā ,
satāṁ tamāśramaṁ śreṣṭhaṁ vadanti paramarṣayaḥ.
15. bharaṇam putradārāṇām vedānām pāraṇam tathā
satām tam āśramam śreṣṭham vadanti paramarṣayaḥ
15. paramarṣayaḥ putradārāṇām bharaṇam vedānām
pāraṇam tathā satām tam āśramam śreṣṭham vadanti
15. The supreme sages declare that this stage of life (āśrama) which involves the maintenance of sons and wives, and the study of the Vedas, and is characterized by the virtuous, is the most excellent.
एवं हि यो ब्राह्मणो यज्ञशीलो गार्हस्थ्यमध्यावसते यथावत् ।
गृहस्थवृत्तिं प्रविशोध्य सम्यक्स्वर्गे विशुद्धं फलमाप्नुते सः ॥१६॥
16. evaṁ hi yo brāhmaṇo yajñaśīlo; gārhasthyamadhyāvasate yathāvat ,
gṛhasthavṛttiṁ praviśodhya samya;ksvarge viśuddhaṁ phalamāpnute saḥ.
16. evam hi yaḥ brāhmaṇaḥ yajñaśīlaḥ
gārhasthyam adhyāvasate yathāvat
gṛhasthavṛttim praviśodhya samyak
svarge viśuddham phalam āpnute saḥ
16. evam hi yaḥ yajñaśīlaḥ brāhmaṇaḥ
yathāvat gārhasthyam adhyāvasate
saḥ gṛhasthavṛttim samyak praviśodhya
svarge viśuddham phalam āpnute
16. Indeed, any Brahmin who is devoted to performing ritual Vedic rituals (yajña) and properly conducts himself in the householder (gārhasthya) stage of life, having thoroughly purified his householder's conduct, he attains a pure reward in heaven.
तस्य देहपरित्यागादिष्टाः कामाक्षया मताः ।
आनन्त्यायोपतिष्ठन्ति सर्वतोक्षिशिरोमुखाः ॥१७॥
17. tasya dehaparityāgādiṣṭāḥ kāmākṣayā matāḥ ,
ānantyāyopatiṣṭhanti sarvatokṣiśiromukhāḥ.
17. tasya deha-parityāgāt iṣṭāḥ kāmāḥ akṣayāḥ matāḥ
ānantyāya upatiṣṭhanti sarvataḥ akṣi-śiras-mukhāḥ
17. tasya deha-parityāgāt iṣṭāḥ kāmāḥ akṣayāḥ matāḥ
sarvataḥ akṣi-śiras-mukhāḥ ānantyāya upatiṣṭhanti
17. Upon abandoning his body, his cherished aspirations are considered imperishable (akṣaya), and they become eternally present, manifesting everywhere with eyes, heads, and mouths.
खादन्नेको जपन्नेकः सर्पन्नेको युधिष्ठिर ।
एकस्मिन्नेव आचार्ये शुश्रूषुर्मलपङ्कवान् ॥१८॥
18. khādanneko japannekaḥ sarpanneko yudhiṣṭhira ,
ekasminneva ācārye śuśrūṣurmalapaṅkavān.
18. khādan ekaḥ japan ekaḥ sarpan ekaḥ yudhiṣṭhira
ekasmin eva ācārye śuśrūṣuḥ mala-paṅkavān
18. yudhiṣṭhira ekaḥ khādan ekaḥ japan ekaḥ sarpan
ekasmin eva ācārye śuśrūṣuḥ mala-paṅkavān
18. O Yudhiṣṭhira, one (disciple) is eating, another is chanting, and another is crawling; likewise, one desiring to serve a single teacher (ācārya) may be covered in dirt and mud.
ब्रह्मचारी व्रती नित्यं नित्यं दीक्षापरो वशी ।
अविचार्य तथा वेदं कृत्यं कुर्वन्वसेत्सदा ॥१९॥
19. brahmacārī vratī nityaṁ nityaṁ dīkṣāparo vaśī ,
avicārya tathā vedaṁ kṛtyaṁ kurvanvasetsadā.
19. brahmacārī vratī nityam nityam dīkṣā-paraḥ vaśī
avicārya tathā vedam kṛtyam kurvan vaset sadā
19. brahmacārī vratī nityam nityam dīkṣā-paraḥ vaśī
tathā avicārya vedam kṛtyam kurvan sadā vaset
19. A student observing chastity (brahmacārī) should always be observant of his vows (vrata), constantly dedicated to his initiation (dīkṣā) and self-controlled. Similarly, without overly contemplating the Veda, he should always live performing his prescribed duty.
शुश्रूषां सततं कुर्वन्गुरोः संप्रणमेत च ।
षट्कर्मस्वनिवृत्तश्च नप्रवृत्तश्च सर्वशः ॥२०॥
20. śuśrūṣāṁ satataṁ kurvanguroḥ saṁpraṇameta ca ,
ṣaṭkarmasvanivṛttaśca napravṛttaśca sarvaśaḥ.
20. śuśrūṣām satatam kurvan guroḥ sampraṇameta ca
ṣaṭ-karmasu anivṛttaḥ ca na pravṛttaḥ ca sarvaśaḥ
20. guroḥ śuśrūṣām satatam kurvan ca sampraṇameta ca
ṣaṭ-karmasu anivṛttaḥ ca na pravṛttaḥ sarvaśaḥ
20. Constantly performing service to his spiritual teacher (guru), he should also prostrate. He should not neglect the six duties (ṣaṭkarma), yet he should not be entirely engrossed in them in every respect.
न चरत्यधिकारेण सेवितं द्विषतो न च ।
एषोऽऽश्रमपदस्तात ब्रह्मचारिण इष्यते ॥२१॥
21. na caratyadhikāreṇa sevitaṁ dviṣato na ca ,
eṣo''śramapadastāta brahmacāriṇa iṣyate.
21. na carati adhikāreṇa sevitam dviṣataḥ na ca
eṣaḥ āśramapadaḥ tāta brahmacāriṇaḥ iṣyate
21. tāta eṣaḥ āśramapadaḥ adhikāreṇa na carati,
ca dviṣataḥ sevitam na; brahmacāriṇaḥ iṣyate
21. This stage of life (āśrama) is not pursued merely by right or entitlement, nor is it practiced by an enemy. O dear one (tāta), it is desired for a celibate student (brahmacārin).