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महाभारतः       mahābhārataḥ - book-12, chapter-37

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वैशंपायन उवाच ।
एवमुक्तो भगवता धर्मराजो युधिष्ठिरः ।
चिन्तयित्वा मुहूर्तं तु प्रत्युवाच तपोधनम् ॥१॥
1. vaiśaṁpāyana uvāca ,
evamukto bhagavatā dharmarājo yudhiṣṭhiraḥ ,
cintayitvā muhūrtaṁ tu pratyuvāca tapodhanam.
1. vaiśaṃpāyana uvāca | evam uktaḥ bhagavatā dharmarājaḥ
yudhiṣṭhiraḥ | cintayitvā muhūrtam tu pratyuvāca tapodhanam
1. vaiśaṃpāyana uvāca bhagavatā evam uktaḥ dharmarājaḥ
yudhiṣṭhiraḥ tu muhūrtam cintayitvā tapodhanam pratyuvāca
1. Vaiśampāyana said: Thus addressed by the venerable one, Yudhiṣṭhira, the king of righteousness (dharma), having reflected for a moment, replied to the ascetic (tapasvin).
किं भक्ष्यं किमभक्ष्यं च किं च देयं प्रशस्यते ।
किं च पात्रमपात्रं वा तन्मे ब्रूहि पितामह ॥२॥
2. kiṁ bhakṣyaṁ kimabhakṣyaṁ ca kiṁ ca deyaṁ praśasyate ,
kiṁ ca pātramapātraṁ vā tanme brūhi pitāmaha.
2. kim bhakṣyam kim abhakṣyam ca kim ca deyam praśasyate
| kim ca pātram apātram vā tat me brūhi pitāmaha
2. pitāmaha,
kim bhakṣyam ca kim abhakṣyam,
ca kim deyam praśasyate,
ca kim pātram vā apātram (asti iti),
tat me brūhi.
2. What is permissible to eat and what is not permissible to eat? What is commendable to offer (dāna)? And who is a worthy recipient and who is unworthy? Tell me all that, O Grandfather.
व्यास उवाच ।
अत्राप्युदाहरन्तीममितिहासं पुरातनम् ।
सिद्धानां चैव संवादं मनोश्चैव प्रजापतेः ॥३॥
3. vyāsa uvāca ,
atrāpyudāharantīmamitihāsaṁ purātanam ,
siddhānāṁ caiva saṁvādaṁ manoścaiva prajāpateḥ.
3. vyāsaḥ uvāca atra api udāharanti imam itihāsam purātanam
siddhānām ca eva saṃvādam manoḥ ca eva prajāpateḥ
3. vyāsaḥ uvāca atra api imam purātanam itihāsam siddhānām
ca eva manoḥ ca eva prajāpateḥ saṃvādam udāharanti
3. Vyasa said: Here, they also relate this ancient narrative, which is a conversation between the perfected beings (siddhas) and Manu, the progenitor (Prajāpati).
सिद्धास्तपोव्रतपराः समागम्य पुरा विभुम् ।
धर्मं पप्रच्छुरासीनमादिकाले प्रजापतिम् ॥४॥
4. siddhāstapovrataparāḥ samāgamya purā vibhum ,
dharmaṁ papracchurāsīnamādikāle prajāpatim.
4. siddhāḥ tapo-vrata-parāḥ samāgamya purā vibhum
dharmam papracchuḥ āsīnam ādikāle prajāpatim
4. purā ādikāle tapo-vrata-parāḥ siddhāḥ āsīnam
vibhum prajāpatim samāgamya dharmam papracchuḥ
4. Long ago, the perfected ones (siddhas), devoted to austerities (tapas) and vows, having approached the powerful Prajāpati, who was seated at the beginning of time, questioned him about natural law (dharma).
कथमन्नं कथं दानं कथमध्ययनं तपः ।
कार्याकार्यं च नः सर्वं शंस वै त्वं प्रजापते ॥५॥
5. kathamannaṁ kathaṁ dānaṁ kathamadhyayanaṁ tapaḥ ,
kāryākāryaṁ ca naḥ sarvaṁ śaṁsa vai tvaṁ prajāpate.
5. katham annam katham dānam katham adhyayanam tapaḥ
kārya-akāryam ca naḥ sarvam śaṃsa vai tvam prajāpate
5. prajāpate tvam naḥ annam katham,
dānam katham,
adhyayanam katham,
tapaḥ (katham) ca kārya-akāryam sarvam vai śaṃsa
5. O Prajāpati, please explain to us all these things: how about food, how about charity (dāna), how about study, how about austerity (tapas), and what should and should not be done for us.
तैरेवमुक्तो भगवान्मनुः स्वायंभुवोऽब्रवीत् ।
शुश्रूषध्वं यथावृत्तं धर्मं व्याससमासतः ॥६॥
6. tairevamukto bhagavānmanuḥ svāyaṁbhuvo'bravīt ,
śuśrūṣadhvaṁ yathāvṛttaṁ dharmaṁ vyāsasamāsataḥ.
6. taiḥ evam uktaḥ bhagavān manuḥ svāyaṃbhuvaḥ abravīt
śuśrūṣadhvam yathā-vṛttam dharmam vyāsa-samāsataḥ
6. taiḥ evam uktaḥ bhagavān svāyaṃbhuvaḥ manuḥ abravīt:
"yathā-vṛttam dharmam vyāsa-samāsataḥ śuśrūṣadhvam"
6. Addressed thus by them, the revered Manu, the self-born (Svāyaṃbhuva), spoke: "Listen carefully, I will explain the natural law (dharma) as it unfolded, both in detail and in summary."
अदत्तस्यानुपादानं दानमध्ययनं तपः ।
अहिंसा सत्यमक्रोधः क्षमेज्या धर्मलक्षणम् ॥७॥
7. adattasyānupādānaṁ dānamadhyayanaṁ tapaḥ ,
ahiṁsā satyamakrodhaḥ kṣamejyā dharmalakṣaṇam.
7. adattasya anupādānam dānam adhyayanam tapaḥ
ahiṃsā satyam akrodhaḥ kṣamā ijyā dharmalakṣaṇam
7. adattasya anupādānam,
dānam,
adhyayanam,
tapaḥ,
ahiṃsā,
satyam,
akrodhaḥ,
kṣamā,
ijyā (ca) dharmalakṣaṇam (bhavanti)
7. Not taking what is not given, charity (dāna), study, austerity (tapas), non-violence (ahiṃsā), truthfulness, absence of anger, forgiveness, and worship – these are the defining characteristics of natural law (dharma).
य एव धर्मः सोऽधर्मोऽदेशेऽकाले प्रतिष्ठितः ।
आदानमनृतं हिंसा धर्मो व्यावस्थिकः स्मृतः ॥८॥
8. ya eva dharmaḥ so'dharmo'deśe'kāle pratiṣṭhitaḥ ,
ādānamanṛtaṁ hiṁsā dharmo vyāvasthikaḥ smṛtaḥ.
8. yaḥ eva dharmaḥ saḥ adharmaḥ adeśe akāle pratiṣṭhitaḥ
ādānam anṛtam hiṃsā dharmaḥ vyāvasthikaḥ smṛtaḥ
8. yaḥ eva dharmaḥ adeśe akāle
pratiṣṭhitaḥ saḥ adharmaḥ (bhavati)
ādānam anṛtam hiṃsā (ca)
vyāvasthikaḥ dharmaḥ smṛtaḥ (asti)
8. Indeed, that very natural law (dharma) which is established in an unsuitable place or at an inappropriate time becomes unrighteousness (adharma). Taking (what is not one's own), falsehood, and violence are remembered as circumstantial or exceptional natural law (dharma).
द्विविधौ चाप्युभावेतौ धर्माधर्मौ विजानताम् ।
अप्रवृत्तिः प्रवृत्तिश्च द्वैविध्यं लोकवेदयोः ॥९॥
9. dvividhau cāpyubhāvetau dharmādharmau vijānatām ,
apravṛttiḥ pravṛttiśca dvaividhyaṁ lokavedayoḥ.
9. dvividhau ca api ubhau etau dharmādharmau vijānatām
apravṛttiḥ pravṛttiḥ ca dvaividhyam lokavedayoḥ
9. vijānatām etau ubhau dharmādharmau ca api dvividhau (staḥ)
apravṛttiḥ pravṛttiḥ ca (iti) lokavedayoḥ dvaividhyam (asti)
9. Both natural law (dharma) and unrighteousness (adharma) are understood by the discerning as being of two kinds. This duality, namely non-action and action, is characteristic of both worldly affairs and Vedic injunctions.
अप्रवृत्तेरमर्त्यत्वं मर्त्यत्वं कर्मणः फलम् ।
अशुभस्याशुभं विद्याच्छुभस्य शुभमेव च ॥१०॥
10. apravṛtteramartyatvaṁ martyatvaṁ karmaṇaḥ phalam ,
aśubhasyāśubhaṁ vidyācchubhasya śubhameva ca.
10. apravṛtteḥ amartyatvam martyatvam karmaṇaḥ phalam
aśubhasya aśubham vidyāt śubhasya śubham eva ca
10. apravṛtteḥ amartyatvam (asti),
karmaṇaḥ (tu) martyatvam phalam (asti) aśubhasya aśubham (ca) śubhasya ca śubham eva (tu) vidyāt
10. Immortality results from non-action, while mortality is the fruit of action (karma). One should understand that inauspicious outcomes stem from inauspicious deeds, and auspicious outcomes from auspicious ones.
एतयोश्चोभयोः स्यातां शुभाशुभतया तथा ।
दैवं च दैवयुक्तं च प्राणश्च प्रलयश्च ह ॥११॥
11. etayoścobhayoḥ syātāṁ śubhāśubhatayā tathā ,
daivaṁ ca daivayuktaṁ ca prāṇaśca pralayaśca ha.
11. etayoḥ ca ubhayoḥ syātām śubhāśubhatayā tathā
daivam ca daivayuktam ca prāṇaḥ ca pralayaḥ ca ha
11. ca etayoḥ ubhayoḥ śubhāśubhatayā tathā daivam ca
daivayuktam ca prāṇaḥ ca pralayaḥ ca ha syātām
11. And for both of these two (entities or categories), there exist both auspicious and inauspicious aspects. Likewise, there are also destiny (daiva) and what is linked to destiny, and life force (prāṇa) and dissolution, indeed.
अप्रेक्षापूर्वकरणादशुभानां शुभं फलम् ।
ऊर्ध्वं भवति संदेहादिह दृष्टार्थमेव वा ।
अप्रेक्षापूर्वकरणात्प्रायश्चित्तं विधीयते ॥१२॥
12. aprekṣāpūrvakaraṇādaśubhānāṁ śubhaṁ phalam ,
ūrdhvaṁ bhavati saṁdehādiha dṛṣṭārthameva vā ,
aprekṣāpūrvakaraṇātprāyaścittaṁ vidhīyate.
12. aprekṣāpūrvakaraṇāt aśubhānām śubham
phalam ūrdhvam bhavati saṃdehāt
iha dṛṣṭārtham eva vā
aprekṣāpūrvakaraṇāt prāyaścittam vidhīyate
12. aprekṣāpūrvakaraṇāt aśubhānām śubham
phalam saṃdehāt ūrdhvam bhavati
vā iha dṛṣṭārtham eva
aprekṣāpūrvakaraṇāt prāyaścittam vidhīyate
12. Good results (phalam) for inauspicious actions (aśubhānām), when performed without prior deliberation, may manifest later due to uncertainty (saṃdehāt), or even for an immediately apparent purpose (dṛṣṭārtham) in this very world. For actions undertaken without prior deliberation, expiation (prāyaścittam) is prescribed.
क्रोधमोहकृते चैव दृष्टान्तागमहेतुभिः ।
शरीराणामुपक्लेशो मनसश्च प्रियाप्रिये ।
तदौषधैश्च मन्त्रैश्च प्रायश्चित्तैश्च शाम्यति ॥१३॥
13. krodhamohakṛte caiva dṛṣṭāntāgamahetubhiḥ ,
śarīrāṇāmupakleśo manasaśca priyāpriye ,
tadauṣadhaiśca mantraiśca prāyaścittaiśca śāmyati.
13. krodhamohakṛte ca eva dṛṣṭāntāgamahetubhiḥ
śarīrāṇām upakleśaḥ manasaḥ
ca priyāpriye tat auṣadhaiḥ ca
mantraiḥ ca prāyaścittaiḥ ca śāmyati
13. ca eva krodhamohakṛte śarīrāṇām
upakleśaḥ manasaḥ ca priyāpriye
dṛṣṭāntāgamahetubhiḥ tat auṣadhaiḥ ca
mantraiḥ ca prāyaścittaiḥ ca śāmyati
13. And indeed, afflictions (upakleśa) of bodies, and the pleasant and unpleasant experiences (priyāpriye) for the mind (manas) which are caused by anger (krodha) and delusion (moha), are understood through illustrations and the authority of sacred texts (āgama). These (afflictions) are appeased by medicines, by sacred incantations (mantra), and by expiations (prāyaścitta).
जातिश्रेण्यधिवासानां कुलधर्मांश्च सर्वतः ।
वर्जयेन्न हि तं धर्मं येषां धर्मो न विद्यते ॥१४॥
14. jātiśreṇyadhivāsānāṁ kuladharmāṁśca sarvataḥ ,
varjayenna hi taṁ dharmaṁ yeṣāṁ dharmo na vidyate.
14. jātiśreṇyadhivāsānām kuladharmān ca sarvataḥ
varjayet na hi tam dharmam yeṣām dharmaḥ na vidyate
14. sarvataḥ jātiśreṇyadhivāsānām kuladharmān ca varjayet
yeṣām dharmaḥ na vidyate tam dharmam na hi varjayet
14. One should completely renounce the inherent practices (kuladharma) of various communities – castes (jāti), guilds (śreṇi), and settlements (adhivāsa). Nevertheless, one should certainly not renounce that natural law (dharma) pertaining to those for whom (their own specific) natural law (dharma) does not exist (or is not applicable).
दश वा वेदशास्त्रज्ञास्त्रयो वा धर्मपाठकाः ।
यद्ब्रूयुः कार्य उत्पन्ने स धर्मो धर्मसंशये ॥१५॥
15. daśa vā vedaśāstrajñāstrayo vā dharmapāṭhakāḥ ,
yadbrūyuḥ kārya utpanne sa dharmo dharmasaṁśaye.
15. daśa vā vedaśāstrajñāḥ trayaḥ vā dharmapāṭhakāḥ
yat brūyuḥ kārye utpanne saḥ dharmaḥ dharmasaṃśaye
15. dharmasaṃśaye kārye utpanne daśa vedaśāstrajñāḥ vā
trayaḥ vā dharmapāṭhakāḥ yat brūyuḥ saḥ dharmaḥ
15. When a doubt arises concerning natural law (dharma), whatever ten experts in Vedic scriptures or three expounders of natural law (dharma) declare regarding a specific matter, that is indeed the natural law (dharma).
अरुणा मृत्तिका चैव तथा चैव पिपीलकाः ।
श्लेष्मातकस्तथा विप्रैरभक्ष्यं विषमेव च ॥१६॥
16. aruṇā mṛttikā caiva tathā caiva pipīlakāḥ ,
śleṣmātakastathā viprairabhakṣyaṁ viṣameva ca.
16. aruṇā mṛttikā ca eva tathā ca eva pipīlakāḥ
śleṣmātakaḥ tathā vipraiḥ abhakṣyam viṣam eva ca
16. aruṇā mṛttikā ca eva pipīlakāḥ ca eva tathā
śleṣmātakaḥ vipraiḥ abhakṣyam ca eva viṣam
16. Red earth, ants, and the fruit of the Śleṣmātaka tree are considered unfit for consumption by Brahmins, as is poison itself.
अभक्ष्या ब्राह्मणैर्मत्स्याः शकलैर्ये विवर्जिताः ।
चतुष्पात्कच्छपादन्यो मण्डूका जलजाश्च ये ॥१७॥
17. abhakṣyā brāhmaṇairmatsyāḥ śakalairye vivarjitāḥ ,
catuṣpātkacchapādanyo maṇḍūkā jalajāśca ye.
17. abhakṣyāḥ brāhmaṇaiḥ matsyāḥ śakalaiḥ ye vivarjitāḥ
catuṣpāt kacchapāt anyaḥ maṇḍūkāḥ jalajāḥ ca ye
17. ye matsyāḥ śakalaiḥ vivarjitāḥ brāhmaṇaiḥ abhakṣyāḥ
ca kacchapāt anyaḥ catuṣpāt ca ye maṇḍūkāḥ jalajāḥ
17. Fish that lack scales are unfit for consumption by Brahmins. Also prohibited are any four-footed animals, except for tortoises, and any aquatic creatures like frogs.
भासा हंसाः सुपर्णाश्च चक्रवाका बकाः प्लवाः ।
कङ्को मद्गुश्च गृध्राश्च काकोलूकं तथैव च ॥१८॥
18. bhāsā haṁsāḥ suparṇāśca cakravākā bakāḥ plavāḥ ,
kaṅko madguśca gṛdhrāśca kākolūkaṁ tathaiva ca.
18. bhāsāḥ haṃsāḥ suparṇāḥ ca cakravākāḥ bakāḥ plavāḥ
kaṅkaḥ madguḥ ca gṛdhrāḥ ca kākolūkam tathā eva ca
18. bhāsāḥ haṃsāḥ ca suparṇāḥ cakravākāḥ bakāḥ plavāḥ
kaṅkaḥ ca madguḥ ca gṛdhrāḥ ca tathā eva ca kākolūkam
18. Ospreys, swans, eagles, ruddy geese, cranes, diving birds, kanka birds, cormorants, vultures, and also crows and owls.
क्रव्यादाः पक्षिणः सर्वे चतुष्पादाश्च दंष्ट्रिणः ।
येषां चोभयतो दन्ताश्चतुर्दंष्ट्राश्च सर्वशः ॥१९॥
19. kravyādāḥ pakṣiṇaḥ sarve catuṣpādāśca daṁṣṭriṇaḥ ,
yeṣāṁ cobhayato dantāścaturdaṁṣṭrāśca sarvaśaḥ.
19. kravyādāḥ pakṣiṇaḥ sarve catuṣpādāḥ ca daṃṣṭriṇaḥ
yeṣām ca ubhayataḥ dantāḥ caturdaṃṣṭrāḥ ca sarvaśaḥ
19. sarve kravyādāḥ pakṣiṇaḥ ca daṃṣṭriṇaḥ catuṣpādāḥ
ca yeṣām ubhayataḥ dantāḥ ca sarvaśaḥ caturdaṃṣṭrāḥ
19. All flesh-eating birds, and quadrupeds that possess fangs, and those whose teeth are on both sides, and those that universally have four fangs, are described.
एडकाश्वखरोष्ट्रीणां सूतिकानां गवामपि ।
मानुषीणां मृगीणां च न पिबेद्ब्राह्मणः पयः ॥२०॥
20. eḍakāśvakharoṣṭrīṇāṁ sūtikānāṁ gavāmapi ,
mānuṣīṇāṁ mṛgīṇāṁ ca na pibedbrāhmaṇaḥ payaḥ.
20. eḍakāśvakhāroṣṭrīṇām sūtikānām gavām api
mānuṣīṇām mṛgīṇām ca na pibet brāhmaṇaḥ payaḥ
20. brāhmaṇaḥ eḍakāśvakhāroṣṭrīṇām sūtikānām
gavām api mānuṣīṇām mṛgīṇām ca payaḥ na pibet
20. A Brahmin should not drink the milk of ewes, mares, she-donkeys, she-camels, parturient animals (sūtikā), nor even of cows that have just given birth, nor of human women, nor of female deer.
प्रेतान्नं सूतिकान्नं च यच्च किंचिदनिर्दशम् ।
अभोज्यं चाप्यपेयं च धेन्वा दुग्धमनिर्दशम् ॥२१॥
21. pretānnaṁ sūtikānnaṁ ca yacca kiṁcidanirdaśam ,
abhojyaṁ cāpyapeyaṁ ca dhenvā dugdhamanirdaśam.
21. pretānnam sūtikānnam ca yat ca kiñcit anirdaśam
abhojyam ca api apeyam ca dhenvā dugdham anirdaśam
21. pretānnam sūtikānnam ca yat ca kiñcit anirdaśam
abhojyam ca api apeyam ca dhenvā anirdaśam dugdham
21. Food offered to a departed spirit (preta), food from a parturient woman (sūtikā), and whatever else is ritually impure (anirdaśam) due to being less than ten days old, is unfit to eat and also unfit to drink. Similarly, milk from a cow that calved less than ten days ago (anirdaśam) is unfit to drink.
तक्ष्णश्चर्मावकर्तुश्च पुंश्चल्या रजकस्य च ।
चिकित्सकस्य यच्चान्नमभोज्यं रक्षिणस्तथा ॥२२॥
22. takṣṇaścarmāvakartuśca puṁścalyā rajakasya ca ,
cikitsakasya yaccānnamabhojyaṁ rakṣiṇastathā.
22. takṣṇaḥ ca carmāvakartuḥ ca puṃścalyā rajakasya ca
cikitsakasya yat ca annam abhojyam rakṣiṇaḥ tathā
22. takṣṇaḥ ca carmāvakartuḥ ca puṃścalyā rajakasya ca
cikitsakasya ca rakṣiṇaḥ tathā yat annam abhojyam
22. The food of a carpenter, a leather-worker, a loose woman, a washerman, a physician, and similarly of a guard, is unfit to be eaten.
गणग्रामाभिशस्तानां रङ्गस्त्रीजीविनश्च ये ।
परिवित्तिनपुंषां च बन्दिद्यूतविदां तथा ॥२३॥
23. gaṇagrāmābhiśastānāṁ raṅgastrījīvinaśca ye ,
parivittinapuṁṣāṁ ca bandidyūtavidāṁ tathā.
23. gaṇagrāmābhiśastānām raṅgastryājīvinaḥ ca ye
parivittinapuṃṣām ca bandidyūtavidām tathā
23. ye gaṇagrāmābhiśastānām ca raṅgastryājīvinaḥ
ca parivittinapuṃṣām ca bandidyūtavidām tathā
23. And those who are condemned by their community or village, those who subsist on actresses, those who have married before an elder unmarried brother, eunuchs, as well as bards and those skilled in gambling (dyūtavid) – (food from such people is considered unacceptable).
वार्यमाणाहृतं चान्नं शुक्तं पर्युषितं च यत् ।
सुरानुगतमुच्छिष्टमभोज्यं शेषितं च यत् ॥२४॥
24. vāryamāṇāhṛtaṁ cānnaṁ śuktaṁ paryuṣitaṁ ca yat ,
surānugatamucchiṣṭamabhojyaṁ śeṣitaṁ ca yat.
24. vāryamāṇāhṛtaṃ ca annam śuktaṃ paryuṣitaṃ ca yat
surānugatam ucchiṣṭam abhojyaṃ śeṣitaṃ ca yat
24. yat vāryamāṇāhṛtam annam ca yat śuktam paryuṣitam
ca yat surānugatam ucchiṣṭam śeṣitam ca abhojyam
24. And food that has been brought after being forbidden; that which is sour or stale; and that which has been touched by liquor, or consists of leftovers (ucchiṣṭa) and is unfit for consumption (abhojya).
पिष्टमांसेक्षुशाकानां विकाराः पयसस्तथा ।
सक्तुधानाकरम्भाश्च नोपभोज्याश्चिरस्थिताः ॥२५॥
25. piṣṭamāṁsekṣuśākānāṁ vikārāḥ payasastathā ,
saktudhānākarambhāśca nopabhojyāścirasthitāḥ.
25. piṣṭamāṃsekṣuśākānām vikārāḥ payasaḥ tathā
saktudhānākarambhāḥ ca na upabhojyāḥ cirasthitāḥ
25. tathā piṣṭamāṃsekṣuśākānām payasaḥ vikārāḥ ca
saktudhānākarambhāḥ cirasthitāḥ na upabhojyāḥ
25. Also, preparations (vikāra) from flour, meat, sugarcane, and vegetables, as well as milk products, and also flour (saktu), parched grain (dhānā), and karambha, are not to be consumed (upabhojya) if they have been kept for a long time.
पायसं कृसरं मांसमपूपाश्च वृथा कृताः ।
अभोज्याश्चाप्यभक्ष्याश्च ब्राह्मणैर्गृहमेधिभिः ॥२६॥
26. pāyasaṁ kṛsaraṁ māṁsamapūpāśca vṛthā kṛtāḥ ,
abhojyāścāpyabhakṣyāśca brāhmaṇairgṛhamedhibhiḥ.
26. pāyasaṃ kṛsaraṃ māṃsam apūpāḥ ca vṛthā kṛtāḥ abhojyāḥ
ca api abhakṣyāḥ ca brāhmaṇaiḥ gṛhamedhibhiḥ
26. pāyasam kṛsaram māṃsam apūpāḥ ca vṛthā kṛtāḥ ca
api abhojyāḥ abhakṣyāḥ ca brāhmaṇaiḥ gṛhamedhibhiḥ
26. Rice pudding (pāyasa), a dish of rice and sesame (kṛsara), meat, and cakes that are prepared in vain (vṛthā kṛta), are also unfit to be eaten (abhojya) and unfit for consumption (abhakṣya) by householder Brahmins (gṛhamedhin).
देवान्पितॄन्मनुष्यांश्च मुनीन्गृह्याश्च देवताः ।
पूजयित्वा ततः पश्चाद्गृहस्थो भोक्तुमर्हति ॥२७॥
27. devānpitṝnmanuṣyāṁśca munīngṛhyāśca devatāḥ ,
pūjayitvā tataḥ paścādgṛhastho bhoktumarhati.
27. devān pitṝn manuṣyān ca munīn gṛhyān ca devatāḥ
pūjayitvā tataḥ paścāt gṛhasthaḥ bhoktum arhati
27. gṛhasthaḥ devān pitṝn manuṣyān ca munīn gṛhyān
ca devatāḥ pūjayitvā tataḥ paścāt bhoktum arhati
27. Having worshipped the gods, ancestors, humans, sages, and domestic deities, a householder should then eat afterwards.
यथा प्रव्रजितो भिक्षुर्गृहस्थः स्वगृहे वसेत् ।
एवंवृत्तः प्रियैर्दारैः संवसन्धर्ममाप्नुयात् ॥२८॥
28. yathā pravrajito bhikṣurgṛhasthaḥ svagṛhe vaset ,
evaṁvṛttaḥ priyairdāraiḥ saṁvasandharmamāpnuyāt.
28. yathā pravrajitaḥ bhikṣuḥ gṛhasthaḥ svagṛhe vaset
evamvṛttaḥ priyaiḥ dāraiḥ saṃvasan dharmam āpnuyāt
28. yathā pravrajitaḥ bhikṣuḥ (jīvati),
(tathā) gṛhasthaḥ svagṛhe vaset.
evamvṛttaḥ priyaiḥ dāraiḥ saṃvasan dharmam āpnuyāt
28. Just as a renunciate (pravrajita) or a mendicant (bhikṣu) lives, a householder should similarly reside in his own home. Conducting himself in this manner, living with his beloved wives, he will attain his natural law (dharma).
न दद्याद्यशसे दानं न भयान्नोपकारिणे ।
न नृत्तगीतशीलेषु हासकेषु च धार्मिकः ॥२९॥
29. na dadyādyaśase dānaṁ na bhayānnopakāriṇe ,
na nṛttagītaśīleṣu hāsakeṣu ca dhārmikaḥ.
29. na dadyāt yaśase dānam na bhayāt na upakāriṇe
na nṛttagītaśīleṣu hāsakeṣu ca dhārmikaḥ
29. dhārmikaḥ dānam yaśase na dadyāt,
bhayāt na (dadyāt),
upakāriṇe na (dadyāt),
nṛttagītaśīleṣu ca hāsakeṣu na (dadyāt)
29. A righteous person (dhārmika) should not give a gift (dāna) for fame, nor out of fear, nor to a benefactor. Nor should he give to those inclined to dance and song, or to jesters.
न मत्ते नैव चोन्मत्ते न स्तेने न चिकित्सके ।
न वाग्घीने विवर्णे वा नाङ्गहीने न वामने ॥३०॥
30. na matte naiva conmatte na stene na cikitsake ,
na vāgghīne vivarṇe vā nāṅgahīne na vāmane.
30. na matte na eva ca unmatte na stene na cikitsake
na vāgghīne vivarṇe vā na aṅgahīne na vāmane
30. na matte (dadyāt),
ca na eva unmatte (dadyāt),
na stene (dadyāt),
na cikitsake (dadyāt).
na vāgghīne (dadyāt),
vā vivarṇe (dadyāt),
na aṅgahīne (dadyāt),
na vāmane (dadyāt)
30. (A righteous person should not give to) an intoxicated person, nor indeed to an insane person, nor to a thief, nor to a physician. Neither to one deficient in speech, or to one of low status (vivarṇa), nor to one with a limb deficiency, nor to a dwarf.
न दुर्जने दौष्कुले वा व्रतैर्वा यो न संस्कृतः ।
अश्रोत्रिये मृतं दानं ब्राह्मणेऽब्रह्मवादिनि ॥३१॥
31. na durjane dauṣkule vā vratairvā yo na saṁskṛtaḥ ,
aśrotriye mṛtaṁ dānaṁ brāhmaṇe'brahmavādini.
31. na durjane dauṣkule vā vṛtaiḥ vā yaḥ na saṃskṛtaḥ
aśrotriye mṛtam dānam brāhmaṇe abrahmavādini
31. dānam mṛtam (syāt) yaḥ durjane vā dauṣkule vā yaḥ vṛtaiḥ
na saṃskṛtaḥ aśrotriye (ca) abrahmavādini brāhmaṇe (ca)
31. A gift (dāna) made to a wicked person, or to one of low lineage, or to one not purified by sacred rites (saṃskāra) or vows, or to one who has not studied the Vedas, or to a Brahmin who does not speak of Brahman, is considered fruitless.
असम्यक्चैव यद्दत्तमसम्यक्च प्रतिग्रहः ।
उभयोः स्यादनर्थाय दातुरादातुरेव च ॥३२॥
32. asamyakcaiva yaddattamasamyakca pratigrahaḥ ,
ubhayoḥ syādanarthāya dāturādātureva ca.
32. asamyak ca eva yat dattam asamyak ca pratigrahaḥ
ubhayyoḥ syāt anarthāya dātuḥ ādātuḥ eva ca
32. yat dattam asamyak eva ca (asti) ca pratigrahaḥ asamyak
(asti) tat dātuḥ eva ca ādātuḥ ubhayoḥ anarthāya syāt
32. That which is given improperly, and that which is accepted improperly - it would lead to misfortune for both the giver and the receiver.
यथा खदिरमालम्ब्य शिलां वाप्यर्णवं तरन् ।
मज्जते मज्जते तद्वद्दाता यश्च प्रतीच्छकः ॥३३॥
33. yathā khadiramālambya śilāṁ vāpyarṇavaṁ taran ,
majjate majjate tadvaddātā yaśca pratīcchakaḥ.
33. yathā khadiram ālambya śilām vā api arṇavam taran
majjate majjate tat vat dātā yaḥ ca pratīcchakaḥ
33. yathā arṇavam taran khadiram vā api śilām ālambya
majjate tadvat yaḥ dātā ca pratīcchakaḥ (tau) majjate
33. Just as one attempting to cross the ocean sinks by relying on a piece of acacia wood or even a stone, similarly both the giver and the receiver (of an improper gift) sink.
काष्ठैरार्द्रैर्यथा वह्निरुपस्तीर्णो न दीप्यते ।
तपःस्वाध्यायचारित्रैरेवं हीनः प्रतिग्रही ॥३४॥
34. kāṣṭhairārdrairyathā vahnirupastīrṇo na dīpyate ,
tapaḥsvādhyāyacāritrairevaṁ hīnaḥ pratigrahī.
34. kāṣṭhaiḥ ārdraiḥ yathā vahniḥ upastīrṇaḥ na dīpyate
tapaḥsvādhyāyacāritraiḥ evam hīnaḥ pratigrahī
34. yathā ārdraiḥ kāṣṭhaiḥ upastīrṇaḥ vahniḥ na dīpyate evam
tapaḥsvādhyāyacāritraiḥ hīnaḥ pratigrahī (n dīpyate)
34. Just as fire, covered with wet wood, does not blaze, similarly a receiver who is devoid of asceticism (tapas), self-study (svādhyāya), and good conduct (caritra) does not shine (or gain spiritual benefit).
कपाले यद्वदापः स्युः श्वदृतौ वा यथा पयः ।
आश्रयस्थानदोषेण वृत्तहीने तथा श्रुतम् ॥३५॥
35. kapāle yadvadāpaḥ syuḥ śvadṛtau vā yathā payaḥ ,
āśrayasthānadoṣeṇa vṛttahīne tathā śrutam.
35. kapāle yadvat āpaḥ syuḥ śva-dṛtau vā yathā payaḥ
āśraya-sthāna-doṣeṇa vṛtta-hīne tathā śrutam
35. yadvat kapāle āpaḥ syuḥ vā yathā śva-dṛtau payaḥ
tathā vṛtta-hīne āśraya-sthāna-doṣeṇa śrutam
35. Just as water would be held in a skull, or milk in a dog-skin bag, similarly, sacred knowledge (śrutam) imparted to a person lacking good conduct becomes flawed due to the defect of its recipient (āśraya-sthāna).
निर्मन्त्रो निर्व्रतो यः स्यादशास्त्रज्ञोऽनसूयकः ।
अनुक्रोशात्प्रदातव्यं दीनेष्वेवं नरेष्वपि ॥३६॥
36. nirmantro nirvrato yaḥ syādaśāstrajño'nasūyakaḥ ,
anukrośātpradātavyaṁ dīneṣvevaṁ nareṣvapi.
36. nir-mantraḥ nir-vrataḥ yaḥ syāt a-śāstra-jñaḥ
an-asūyakaḥ anukrośāt pra-dātavyam dīneṣu evam nareṣu api
36. yaḥ nir-mantraḥ nir-vrataḥ a-śāstra-jñaḥ an-asūyakaḥ
syāt evam dīneṣu nareṣu api anukrośāt pra-dātavyam
36. Even among people who are destitute, if someone is devoid of sacred formulas (mantra) or vows, ignorant of the scriptures, and not envious, then something should be given to them out of compassion.
न वै देयमनुक्रोशाद्दीनायाप्यपकारिणे ।
आप्ताचरितमित्येव धर्म इत्येव वा पुनः ॥३७॥
37. na vai deyamanukrośāddīnāyāpyapakāriṇe ,
āptācaritamityeva dharma ityeva vā punaḥ.
37. na vai deyam anukrośāt dīnāya api apakāriṇe
āpta-ācaritam iti eva dharmaḥ iti eva vā punaḥ
37. anukrośāt dīnāya api apakāriṇe vai na deyam
āpta-ācaritam iti eva vā punaḥ dharmaḥ iti eva
37. Indeed, something should not be given out of mere compassion to a person who is both poor and harmful. Rather, it should be given either because it is the conduct (ācaritam) of the trustworthy, or simply because it is a matter of natural law (dharma).
निष्कारणं स्म तद्दत्तं ब्राह्मणे धर्मवर्जिते ।
भवेदपात्रदोषेण न मेऽत्रास्ति विचारणा ॥३८॥
38. niṣkāraṇaṁ sma taddattaṁ brāhmaṇe dharmavarjite ,
bhavedapātradoṣeṇa na me'trāsti vicāraṇā.
38. niṣ-kāraṇam sma tat dattam brāhmaṇe dharma-varjite
bhavet apātra-doṣeṇa na me atra asti vicāraṇā
38. niṣ-kāraṇam sma tat dattam dharma-varjite brāhmaṇe
apātra-doṣeṇa bhavet atra me vicāraṇā na asti
38. Indeed, an offering (dattam) given without any specific reason to a Brahmin who is devoid of natural law (dharma) would be tainted by the defect of an unworthy recipient. I have no further deliberation on this matter.
यथा दारुमयो हस्ती यथा चर्ममयो मृगः ।
ब्राह्मणश्चानधीयानस्त्रयस्ते नामधारकाः ॥३९॥
39. yathā dārumayo hastī yathā carmamayo mṛgaḥ ,
brāhmaṇaścānadhīyānastrayaste nāmadhārakāḥ.
39. yathā dārumayaḥ hastī yathā carmamayaḥ mṛgaḥ
brāhmaṇaḥ ca anadhīyānaḥ trayaḥ te nāmadhārakāḥ
39. yathā dārumayaḥ hastī yathā carmamayaḥ mṛgaḥ ca
anadhīyānaḥ brāhmaṇaḥ te trayaḥ nāmadhārakāḥ
39. Just as a wooden elephant and a leather deer are mere representations, so is a brāhmaṇa (brāhmaṇa) who does not study; these three are only bearers of names, lacking true substance.
यथा षण्ढोऽफलः स्त्रीषु यथा गौर्गवि चाफला ।
शकुनिर्वाप्यपक्षः स्यान्निर्मन्त्रो ब्राह्मणस्तथा ॥४०॥
40. yathā ṣaṇḍho'phalaḥ strīṣu yathā gaurgavi cāphalā ,
śakunirvāpyapakṣaḥ syānnirmantro brāhmaṇastathā.
40. yathā ṣaṇḍhaḥ aphalaḥ strīṣu yathā gauḥ gavi ca aphalā
śakuniḥ vā apakṣaḥ syāt nirmantraḥ brāhmaṇaḥ tathā
40. yathā ṣaṇḍhaḥ strīṣu aphalaḥ yathā gauḥ gavi ca aphalā
vā śakuniḥ apakṣaḥ syāt tathā nirmantraḥ brāhmaṇaḥ
40. Just as an impotent man is fruitless concerning women, and a barren cow is useless among cattle, or a bird might be wingless, so too is a brāhmaṇa (brāhmaṇa) who lacks sacred formulas (mantra).
ग्रामधान्यं यथा शून्यं यथा कूपश्च निर्जलः ।
यथा हुतमनग्नौ च तथैव स्यान्निराकृतौ ॥४१॥
41. grāmadhānyaṁ yathā śūnyaṁ yathā kūpaśca nirjalaḥ ,
yathā hutamanagnau ca tathaiva syānnirākṛtau.
41. grāmadhānyam yathā śūnyam yathā kūpaḥ ca nirjalaḥ
yathā hutam anagnau ca tathā eva syāt nirākṛtau
41. yathā grāmadhānyam śūnyam yathā kūpaḥ ca nirjalaḥ
ca yathā hutam anagnau tathā eva nirākṛtau syāt
41. Just as stored village grain eventually becomes empty, and a well is without water, and an oblation offered not into fire is useless, so too is a gift given to one who is disregarded (nirākṛta).
देवतानां पितॄणां च हव्यकव्यविनाशनः ।
शत्रुरर्थहरो मूर्खो न लोकान्प्राप्तुमर्हति ॥४२॥
42. devatānāṁ pitṝṇāṁ ca havyakavyavināśanaḥ ,
śatrurarthaharo mūrkho na lokānprāptumarhati.
42. devatānām pitṝṇām ca havyakavyavināśanaḥ śatruḥ
arthaharaḥ mūrkhaḥ na lokān prāptum arhati
42. devatānām ca pitṝṇām havyakavyavināśanaḥ śatruḥ
arthaharaḥ mūrkhaḥ lokān prāptum na arhati
42. He who destroys the oblations (havya-kavya) meant for the gods and ancestors, an enemy who steals wealth, and a fool – such a one does not deserve to attain the (higher) worlds.
एतत्ते कथितं सर्वं यथा वृत्तं युधिष्ठिर ।
समासेन महद्ध्येतच्छ्रोतव्यं भरतर्षभ ॥४३॥
43. etatte kathitaṁ sarvaṁ yathā vṛttaṁ yudhiṣṭhira ,
samāsena mahaddhyetacchrotavyaṁ bharatarṣabha.
43. etat te kathitam sarvam yathā vṛttam yudhiṣṭhira
samāsena mahat hi etat śrotavyam bharatarṣabha
43. yudhiṣṭhira bharatarṣabha etat sarvam yathā vṛttam
te kathitam etat mahat hi samāsena śrotavyam
43. O Yudhiṣṭhira, O best of Bharatas, all this that has transpired has been related to you. This great subject, though summarized, should indeed be heard.