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महाभारतः       mahābhārataḥ - book-13, chapter-147

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वैशंपायन उवाच ।
इत्युक्तवति वाक्यं तु कृष्णे देवकिनन्दने ।
भीष्मं शांतनवं भूयः पर्यपृच्छद्युधिष्ठिरः ॥१॥
1. vaiśaṁpāyana uvāca ,
ityuktavati vākyaṁ tu kṛṣṇe devakinandane ,
bhīṣmaṁ śāṁtanavaṁ bhūyaḥ paryapṛcchadyudhiṣṭhiraḥ.
1. vaiśaṃpāyanaḥ uvāca iti uktavati vākyam tu kṛṣṇe devakinandane
bhīṣmam śāntanavam bhūyaḥ paryapṛcchat yudhiṣṭhiraḥ
1. vaiśaṃpāyanaḥ uvāca iti kṛṣṇe devakinandane tu vākyam
uktavati yudhiṣṭhiraḥ bhūyaḥ śāntanavam bhīṣmam paryapṛcchat
1. Vaiśaṃpāyana said: When Kṛṣṇa, the delight of Devakī, had thus spoken these words, Yudhiṣṭhira again questioned Bhīṣma, the son of Śāntanu.
निर्णये वा महाबुद्धे सर्वधर्मभृतां वर ।
प्रत्यक्षमागमो वेति किं तयोः कारणं भवेत् ॥२॥
2. nirṇaye vā mahābuddhe sarvadharmabhṛtāṁ vara ,
pratyakṣamāgamo veti kiṁ tayoḥ kāraṇaṁ bhavet.
2. nirṇaye vā mahābuddhe sarvadharmabhṛtām vara
pratyakṣam āgamaḥ vā iti kim tayoḥ kāraṇam bhavet
2. mahābuddhe vara sarvadharmabhṛtām nirṇaye
pratyakṣam āgamaḥ vā iti kim tayoḥ kāraṇam bhavet
2. O highly intelligent one, best among all upholders of natural law (dharma)! In deciding between direct perception (pratyakṣa) or scripture (āgama), what should be the authoritative source for the two?
भीष्म उवाच ।
नास्त्यत्र संशयः कश्चिदिति मे वर्तते मतिः ।
शृणु वक्ष्यामि ते प्राज्ञ सम्यक्त्वमनुपृच्छसि ॥३॥
3. bhīṣma uvāca ,
nāstyatra saṁśayaḥ kaściditi me vartate matiḥ ,
śṛṇu vakṣyāmi te prājña samyaktvamanupṛcchasi.
3. bhīṣmaḥ uvāca na asti atra saṃśayaḥ kaścit iti me vartate
matiḥ śṛṇu vakṣyāmi te prājña samyaktvam anupṛcchasi
3. bhīṣmaḥ uvāca me matiḥ na asti atra kaścit saṃśayaḥ iti
vartate prājña śṛṇu te vakṣyāmi samyaktvam anupṛcchasi
3. Bhishma said: "My opinion is that there is no doubt (saṃśaya) in this matter. O wise one, listen, I will tell you, for you inquire about what is correct."
संशयः सुगमो राजन्निर्णयस्त्वत्र दुर्गमः ।
दृष्टं श्रुतमनन्तं हि यत्र संशयदर्शनम् ॥४॥
4. saṁśayaḥ sugamo rājannirṇayastvatra durgamaḥ ,
dṛṣṭaṁ śrutamanantaṁ hi yatra saṁśayadarśanam.
4. saṃśayaḥ sugamaḥ rājan nirṇayaḥ tu atra durgamaḥ
dṛṣṭam śrutam anantam hi yatra saṃśayadarśanam
4. rājan saṃśayaḥ sugamaḥ atra nirṇayaḥ tu durgamaḥ
hi yatra saṃśayadarśanam dṛṣṭam śrutam anantam
4. O King, doubt (saṃśaya) is easy, but making a decision is difficult here. For endless are the things seen and heard that give rise to the perception of doubt (saṃśaya).
प्रत्यक्षं कारणं दृष्टं हेतुकाः प्राज्ञमानिनः ।
नास्तीत्येवं व्यवस्यन्ति सत्यं संशयमेव च ।
तदयुक्तं व्यवस्यन्ति बालाः पण्डितमानिनः ॥५॥
5. pratyakṣaṁ kāraṇaṁ dṛṣṭaṁ hetukāḥ prājñamāninaḥ ,
nāstītyevaṁ vyavasyanti satyaṁ saṁśayameva ca ,
tadayuktaṁ vyavasyanti bālāḥ paṇḍitamāninaḥ.
5. pratyakṣam kāraṇam dṛṣṭam hetukāḥ
prājñamāninaḥ na asti iti evam vyavasyanti
satyam saṃśayam eva ca tat ayuktam
vyavasyanti bālāḥ paṇḍitamāninaḥ
5. hetukāḥ prājñamāninaḥ dṛṣṭam pratyakṣam
kāraṇam evam na asti iti vyavasyanti
satyam saṃśayam eva ca bālāḥ
paṇḍitamāninaḥ tat ayuktam vyavasyanti
5. Those logicians (hetukāḥ) who consider themselves wise (prājñamāninaḥ) determine that direct perception (pratyakṣa) is the authority for what is seen. In this way, they conclude that truth and doubt (saṃśaya) do not exist. But those foolish persons who consider themselves learned (paṇḍitamāninaḥ) endorse this improper conclusion.
अथ चेन्मन्यसे चैकं कारणं किं भवेदिति ।
शक्यं दीर्घेण कालेन युक्तेनातन्द्रितेन च ।
प्राणयात्रामनेकां च कल्पयानेन भारत ॥६॥
6. atha cenmanyase caikaṁ kāraṇaṁ kiṁ bhavediti ,
śakyaṁ dīrgheṇa kālena yuktenātandritena ca ,
prāṇayātrāmanekāṁ ca kalpayānena bhārata.
6. atha cet manyase ca ekam kāraṇam
kim bhavet iti śakyam dīrgheṇa
kālena yuktena atandriteṇa ca
prāṇayātrām anekām ca kalpayānena bhārata
6. bhārata! atha cet manyase ekam kāraṇam kim bhavet iti,
(tat) dīrgheṇa kālena yuktena atandriteṇa ca anekām prāṇayātrām kalpayānena (puruṣeṇa) śakyam.
6. Now, if you consider what the single cause might be, know that it can be accomplished by one who, over a long period, diligently and properly applies themselves to managing the various aspects of life's journey (prāṇayātrā), O Bhārata.
तत्परेणैव नान्येन शक्यं ह्येतत्तु कारणम् ।
हेतूनामन्तमासाद्य विपुलं ज्ञानमुत्तमम् ।
ज्योतिः सर्वस्य लोकस्य विपुलं प्रतिपद्यते ॥७॥
7. tatpareṇaiva nānyena śakyaṁ hyetattu kāraṇam ,
hetūnāmantamāsādya vipulaṁ jñānamuttamam ,
jyotiḥ sarvasya lokasya vipulaṁ pratipadyate.
7. tatpareṇa eva na anyena śakyam hi
etat tu kāraṇam hetūnām antam āsādya
vipulam jñānam uttamam jyotiḥ
sarvasya lokasya vipulam pratipadyate
7. hi etat tu kāraṇam tatpareṇa eva na anyena śakyam.
(yaḥ) hetūnām antam āsādya (saḥ) vipulam uttamam jñānam (ca) sarvasya lokasya vipulam jyotiḥ pratipadyate.
7. Indeed, this cause (kāraṇam) can be achieved only by one who is fully devoted to it, and not by anyone else. By reaching the ultimate conclusion of all underlying principles (hetu), one obtains vast, supreme knowledge and realizes the immense light that pervades all worlds.
तत्त्वेनागमनं राजन्हेत्वन्तगमनं तथा ।
अग्राह्यमनिबद्धं च वाचः संपरिवर्जनम् ॥८॥
8. tattvenāgamanaṁ rājanhetvantagamanaṁ tathā ,
agrāhyamanibaddhaṁ ca vācaḥ saṁparivarjanam.
8. tattvena āgamanam rājan hetvantagamanam tathā
agrāhyam anibaddham ca vācaḥ samparivarjanam
8. rājan! tattvena āgamanam tathā hetvantagamanam (idam bhavati); (idam) agrāhyam anibaddham ca (bhavati); (idam eva) vācaḥ samparivarjanam (api asti).
8. O King, this (knowledge) entails an arrival at the ultimate reality (tattva), and similarly, reaching the conclusion of all underlying principles (hetu). It is ungraspable, unbound, and completely transcends speech.
युधिष्ठिर उवाच ।
प्रत्यक्षं लोकतः सिद्धं लोकाश्चागमपूर्वकाः ।
शिष्टाचारो बहुविधो ब्रूहि तन्मे पितामह ॥९॥
9. yudhiṣṭhira uvāca ,
pratyakṣaṁ lokataḥ siddhaṁ lokāścāgamapūrvakāḥ ,
śiṣṭācāro bahuvidho brūhi tanme pitāmaha.
9. yudhiṣṭhiraḥ uvāca pratyakṣam lokataḥ siddham lokāḥ ca
āgamapūrvakāḥ śiṣṭācāraḥ bahuvidhaḥ brūhi tat me pitāmaha
9. yudhiṣṭhiraḥ uvāca: "pitāmaha! pratyakṣam lokataḥ siddham.
lokāḥ ca āgamapūrvakāḥ (santi).
bahuvidhaḥ śiṣṭācāraḥ (api asti).
tat me brūhi.
"
9. Yudhiṣṭhira said: 'What is directly perceived is established by people, and people themselves are guided by sacred tradition (āgama). Moreover, there are many kinds of virtuous conduct (śiṣṭācāra). O Grandfather, please explain that to me.'
भीष्म उवाच ।
धर्मस्य ह्रियमाणस्य बलवद्भिर्दुरात्मभिः ।
संस्था यत्नैरपि कृता कालेन परिभिद्यते ॥१०॥
10. bhīṣma uvāca ,
dharmasya hriyamāṇasya balavadbhirdurātmabhiḥ ,
saṁsthā yatnairapi kṛtā kālena paribhidyate.
10. bhīṣmaḥ uvāca dharmasya hriyamāṇasya balavadbhiḥ
durātmabhiḥ saṃsthā yatnaiḥ api kṛtā kālena paribhidhyate
10. Bhishma said: When the established natural law (dharma) is being seized by powerful, wicked individuals, even a system (saṃsthā) that has been painstakingly created can be gradually undermined over time.
अधर्मा धर्मरूपेण तृणैः कूपा इवावृताः ।
ततस्तैर्भिद्यते वृत्तं शृणु चैव युधिष्ठिर ॥११॥
11. adharmā dharmarūpeṇa tṛṇaiḥ kūpā ivāvṛtāḥ ,
tatastairbhidyate vṛttaṁ śṛṇu caiva yudhiṣṭhira.
11. adharmā dharmarūpeṇa tṛṇaiḥ kūpāḥ iva āvṛtāḥ
tataḥ taiḥ bhidyate vṛttam śṛṇu ca eva yudhiṣṭhira
11. Unrighteousness (adharma) often appears in the guise of natural law (dharma), much like wells covered by grass. Therefore, by these very (masked) unrighteous acts, established conduct and practice are undermined. Listen to this, O Yudhishthira.
अवृत्त्या ये च भिन्दन्ति श्रुतत्यागपरायणाः ।
धर्मविद्वेषिणो मन्दा इत्युक्तस्तेषु संशयः ॥१२॥
12. avṛttyā ye ca bhindanti śrutatyāgaparāyaṇāḥ ,
dharmavidveṣiṇo mandā ityuktasteṣu saṁśayaḥ.
12. avṛttyā ye ca bhindanti śrutatyāgaparāyaṇāḥ
dharmavidveṣiṇaḥ mandāḥ iti uktaḥ teṣu saṃśayaḥ
12. And regarding those who undermine (dharma) through improper conduct – those who are devoted to abandoning sacred traditions (śruti), haters of natural law (dharma), and are foolish – concerning such individuals, it is said, there is doubt (about their future).
अतृप्यन्तस्तु साधूनां य एवागमबुद्धयः ।
परमित्येव संतुष्टास्तानुपास्स्व च पृच्छ च ॥१३॥
13. atṛpyantastu sādhūnāṁ ya evāgamabuddhayaḥ ,
paramityeva saṁtuṣṭāstānupāssva ca pṛccha ca.
13. atṛpyantaḥ tu sādhūnām ye eva āgamabuddhayaḥ
param iti eva saṃtuṣṭāḥ tān upāssva ca pṛccha ca
13. But there are those among virtuous people (sādhu) who are never satisfied, whose intellects are fixed on sacred traditions (āgama), and who are content with only the supreme (param). Approach and inquire of them.
कामार्थौ पृष्ठतः कृत्वा लोभमोहानुसारिणौ ।
धर्म इत्येव संबुद्धास्तानुपास्स्व च पृच्छ च ॥१४॥
14. kāmārthau pṛṣṭhataḥ kṛtvā lobhamohānusāriṇau ,
dharma ityeva saṁbuddhāstānupāssva ca pṛccha ca.
14. kāmārthau pṛṣṭhataḥ kṛtvā lobhamohānusāriṇau
dharmaḥ iti eva saṃbuddhāḥ tān upāssva ca pṛccha ca
14. lobhamohānusāriṇau kāmārthau pṛṣṭhataḥ kṛtvā
dharmaḥ iti eva saṃbuddhāḥ tān upāssva ca pṛccha ca
14. Having abandoned desires and material pursuits, which are associated with greed and delusion, you should attend upon and question those who are enlightened in the natural law (dharma).
न तेषां भिद्यते वृत्तं यज्ञस्वाध्यायकर्मभिः ।
आचारः कारणं चैव धर्मश्चैव त्रयं पुनः ॥१५॥
15. na teṣāṁ bhidyate vṛttaṁ yajñasvādhyāyakarmabhiḥ ,
ācāraḥ kāraṇaṁ caiva dharmaścaiva trayaṁ punaḥ.
15. na teṣām bhidyate vṛttam yajñasvādhyāyakarmabhiḥ
ācāraḥ kāraṇam ca eva dharmaḥ ca eva trayam punaḥ
15. teṣām vṛttam yajñasvādhyāyakarmabhiḥ na bhidyate
ācāraḥ ca eva kāraṇam dharmaḥ ca eva punaḥ trayam
15. Their way of life is not distinguished by (mere external) Vedic rituals (yajña), self-study (svādhyāya), or other actions (karma). Indeed, proper conduct (ācāra) is the true cause, and natural law (dharma) is also part of this triad.
युधिष्ठिर उवाच ।
पुनरेवेह मे बुद्धिः संशये परिमुह्यते ।
अपारे मार्गमाणस्य परं तीरमपश्यतः ॥१६॥
16. yudhiṣṭhira uvāca ,
punareveha me buddhiḥ saṁśaye parimuhyate ,
apāre mārgamāṇasya paraṁ tīramapaśyataḥ.
16. yudhiṣṭhiraḥ uvāca punaḥ eva iha me buddhiḥ saṃśaye
parimuhyate apāre mārgamāṇasya param tīram apaśyataḥ
16. yudhiṣṭhiraḥ uvāca punaḥ eva iha me buddhiḥ saṃśaye
parimuhyate apāre mārgamāṇasya param tīram apaśyataḥ
16. Yudhishthira said: "Again, my intellect (buddhi) is completely bewildered by doubt here, like one searching in a boundless realm, yet unable to see the other shore."
वेदाः प्रत्यक्षमाचारः प्रमाणं तत्त्रयं यदि ।
पृथक्त्वं लभ्यते चैषां धर्मश्चैकस्त्रयं कथम् ॥१७॥
17. vedāḥ pratyakṣamācāraḥ pramāṇaṁ tattrayaṁ yadi ,
pṛthaktvaṁ labhyate caiṣāṁ dharmaścaikastrayaṁ katham.
17. vedāḥ pratyakṣam ācāraḥ pramāṇam tat trayam yadi
pṛthaktvam labhyate ca eṣām dharmaḥ ca ekaḥ trayam katham
17. yadi vedāḥ pratyakṣam ācāraḥ tat trayam pramāṇam ca eṣām pṛthaktvam labhyate,
dharmaḥ ca ekaḥ katham trayam katham
17. If the Vedas, direct perception (pratyakṣa), and proper conduct (ācāra) are accepted as the authoritative sources (pramāṇa) - constituting a triad - and if distinctness (pṛthaktva) is found among these, then how can natural law (dharma) be a single principle, and how can it be such a triad?
भीष्म उवाच ।
धर्मस्य ह्रियमाणस्य बलवद्भिर्दुरात्मभिः ।
यद्येवं मन्यसे राजंस्त्रिधा धर्मविचारणा ॥१८॥
18. bhīṣma uvāca ,
dharmasya hriyamāṇasya balavadbhirdurātmabhiḥ ,
yadyevaṁ manyase rājaṁstridhā dharmavicāraṇā.
18. bhīṣmaḥ uvāca dharmasya hriyamāṇasya balavadbhiḥ
durātmabhiḥ yadi evam manyase rājan tridhā dharmavicāraṇā
18. bhīṣmaḥ uvāca rājan yadi evam manyase balavadbhiḥ
durātmabhiḥ dharmasya hriyamāṇasya tridhā dharmavicāraṇā
18. Bhishma said: O King, if you believe that the natural law (dharma) is being seized by powerful, wicked-minded individuals, then the deliberation on natural law (dharma) is threefold.
एक एवेति जानीहि त्रिधा तस्य प्रदर्शनम् ।
पृथक्त्वे चैव मे बुद्धिस्त्रयाणामपि वै तथा ॥१९॥
19. eka eveti jānīhi tridhā tasya pradarśanam ,
pṛthaktve caiva me buddhistrayāṇāmapi vai tathā.
19. ekaḥ eva iti jānīhi tridhā tasya pradarśanam
pṛthaktve ca eva me buddhiḥ trayāṇām api vai tathā
19. jānīhi ekaḥ eva iti tasya pradarśanam tridhā ca
eva tathā me buddhiḥ pṛthaktve api vai trayāṇām
19. Know that it (dharma) is indeed one, yet its manifestation is threefold. My intellect (buddhi), however, perceives a distinctness among these three as well.
उक्तो मार्गस्त्रयाणां च तत्तथैव समाचर ।
जिज्ञासा तु न कर्तव्या धर्मस्य परितर्कणात् ॥२०॥
20. ukto mārgastrayāṇāṁ ca tattathaiva samācara ,
jijñāsā tu na kartavyā dharmasya paritarkaṇāt.
20. uktaḥ mārgaḥ trayāṇām ca tat tathā eva samācara
jijñāsā tu na kartavyā dharmasya paritarkaṇāt
20. trayāṇām ca mārgaḥ uktaḥ tat tathā eva samācara
tu jijñāsā na kartavyā dharmasya paritarkaṇāt
20. The path for these three (ways of dharma) has been stated, so you should follow it exactly as such. However, an excessive inquiry (jijñāsā) or speculation regarding this natural law (dharma) should not be made.
सदैव भरतश्रेष्ठ मा ते भूदत्र संशयः ।
अन्धो जड इवाशङ्को यद्ब्रवीमि तदाचर ॥२१॥
21. sadaiva bharataśreṣṭha mā te bhūdatra saṁśayaḥ ,
andho jaḍa ivāśaṅko yadbravīmi tadācara.
21. sadā eva bharataśreṣṭha mā te bhūt atra saṃśayaḥ
andhaḥ jaḍaḥ iva aśaṅkaḥ yat bravīmi tat ācara
21. bharataśreṣṭha sadā eva te atra saṃśayaḥ mā bhūt
andhaḥ jaḍaḥ iva aśaṅkaḥ yat bravīmi tat ācara
21. O best of Bharatas, always let there be no doubt for you in this matter. Unquestioningly, like a blind or dull-witted person, whatever I instruct, you should follow it.
अहिंसा सत्यमक्रोधो दानमेतच्चतुष्टयम् ।
अजातशत्रो सेवस्व धर्म एष सनातनः ॥२२॥
22. ahiṁsā satyamakrodho dānametaccatuṣṭayam ,
ajātaśatro sevasva dharma eṣa sanātanaḥ.
22. ahiṃsā satyam akrodhaḥ dānam etat catuṣṭayam
| ajātaśatro sevasva dharmaḥ eṣaḥ sanātanaḥ
22. O Ajātaśatru, practice these four virtues: non-violence, truthfulness, non-anger, and charity. This is the eternal natural law (dharma).
ब्राह्मणेषु च वृत्तिर्या पितृपैतामहोचिता ।
तामन्वेहि महाबाहो स्वर्गस्यैते हि देशिकाः ॥२३॥
23. brāhmaṇeṣu ca vṛttiryā pitṛpaitāmahocitā ,
tāmanvehi mahābāho svargasyaite hi deśikāḥ.
23. brāhmaṇeṣu ca vṛttiḥ yā pitṛpaitāmahocitā |
tām anvehi mahābāho svargasya ete hi deśikāḥ
23. O mighty-armed one, follow that conduct towards the Brahmins which is fitting for your ancestors. Indeed, they are the guides to heaven.
प्रमाणमप्रमाणं वै यः कुर्यादबुधो नरः ।
न स प्रमाणतामर्हो विवादजननो हि सः ॥२४॥
24. pramāṇamapramāṇaṁ vai yaḥ kuryādabudho naraḥ ,
na sa pramāṇatāmarho vivādajanano hi saḥ.
24. pramāṇam apramāṇam vai yaḥ kuryāt abudhaḥ naraḥ
| na saḥ pramāṇatām arhaḥ vivādajananaḥ hi saḥ
24. Indeed, any ignorant person who treats what is authoritative as non-authoritative is not worthy of being an authority himself. For he is one who generates disputes.
ब्राह्मणानेव सेवस्व सत्कृत्य बहुमन्य च ।
एतेष्वेव त्विमे लोकाः कृत्स्ना इति निबोध तान् ॥२५॥
25. brāhmaṇāneva sevasva satkṛtya bahumanya ca ,
eteṣveva tvime lokāḥ kṛtsnā iti nibodha tān.
25. brāhmaṇān eva sevasva satkṛtya bahumanya ca |
eteṣu eva tu ime lokāḥ kṛtsnāḥ iti nibodha tān
25. Indeed, serve the Brahmins alone, honoring them and holding them in high esteem. And understand that all these worlds (lokāḥ) are verily contained in them.