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महाभारतः       mahābhārataḥ - book-13, chapter-129

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उमोवाच ।
उक्तास्त्वया पृथग्धर्माश्चातुर्वर्ण्यहिताः शुभाः ।
सर्वव्यापी तु यो धर्मो भगवंस्तं ब्रवीहि मे ॥१॥
1. umovāca ,
uktāstvayā pṛthagdharmāścāturvarṇyahitāḥ śubhāḥ ,
sarvavyāpī tu yo dharmo bhagavaṁstaṁ bravīhi me.
1. umā uvāca uktāḥ tvayā pṛthak dharmāḥ cāturvarṇyahitāḥ
śubhāḥ sarvavyāpī tu yaḥ dharmaḥ bhagavan tam bravīhi me
1. umā uvāca.
tvayā pṛthak cāturvarṇyahitāḥ śubhāḥ dharmāḥ uktāḥ.
tu bhagavan,
yaḥ sarvavyāpī dharmaḥ,
tam me bravīhi.
1. Umā said: "The auspicious and distinct natural laws (dharma) beneficial to the four social classes have been declared by you. But, O Revered One (bhagavan), tell me about that natural law (dharma) which is all-pervasive."
महेश्वर उवाच ।
ब्राह्मणा लोकसारेण सृष्टा धात्रा गुणार्थिना ।
लोकांस्तारयितुं कृत्स्नान्मर्त्येषु क्षितिदेवताः ॥२॥
2. maheśvara uvāca ,
brāhmaṇā lokasāreṇa sṛṣṭā dhātrā guṇārthinā ,
lokāṁstārayituṁ kṛtsnānmartyeṣu kṣitidevatāḥ.
2. maheśvaraḥ uvāca brāhmaṇāḥ lokasāreṇa sṛṣṭāḥ dhātrā
guṇārthinā lokān tārayitum kṛtsnān martyeṣu kṣitidevatāḥ
2. maheśvaraḥ uvāca.
dhātrā guṇārthinā lokasāreṇa brāhmaṇāḥ sṛṣṭāḥ,
martyeṣu kṣitidevatāḥ,
kṛtsnān lokān tārayitum.
2. Maheśvara said: "Brahmins were created by the Creator (dhātṛ), who desired good qualities, using the essence of the world, to be earth-deities (kṣitidevatāḥ) among mortals, in order to save all the worlds."
तेषामिमं प्रवक्ष्यामि धर्मकर्मफलोदयम् ।
ब्राह्मणेषु हि यो धर्मः स धर्मः परमो मतः ॥३॥
3. teṣāmimaṁ pravakṣyāmi dharmakarmaphalodayam ,
brāhmaṇeṣu hi yo dharmaḥ sa dharmaḥ paramo mataḥ.
3. teṣām imam pravakṣyāmi dharmakarmaphalodayam
brāhmaṇeṣu hi yaḥ dharmaḥ saḥ dharmaḥ paramaḥ mataḥ
3. I will now explain to them this manifestation of the results of actions (karma) performed according to one's natural law (dharma). Indeed, that natural law (dharma) which is found among brahmins is considered the supreme natural law (dharma).
इमे तु लोकधर्मार्थं त्रयः सृष्टाः स्वयंभुवा ।
पृथिव्याः सर्जने नित्यं सृष्टास्तानपि मे शृणु ॥४॥
4. ime tu lokadharmārthaṁ trayaḥ sṛṣṭāḥ svayaṁbhuvā ,
pṛthivyāḥ sarjane nityaṁ sṛṣṭāstānapi me śṛṇu.
4. ime tu lokadharmārtham trayaḥ sṛṣṭāḥ svayaṃbhuvā
pṛthivyāḥ sarjane nityam sṛṣṭāḥ tān api me śṛṇu
4. Indeed, these three were created by the Self-existent One (Svayaṃbhū) for the sake of the world's natural law (dharma). Listen to me regarding them, who were constantly established during the creation of the earth.
वेदोक्तः परमो धर्मः स्मृतिशास्त्रगतोऽपरः ।
शिष्टाचीर्णः परः प्रोक्तस्त्रयो धर्माः सनातनाः ॥५॥
5. vedoktaḥ paramo dharmaḥ smṛtiśāstragato'paraḥ ,
śiṣṭācīrṇaḥ paraḥ proktastrayo dharmāḥ sanātanāḥ.
5. vedoktaḥ paramaḥ dharmaḥ smṛtiśāstragataḥ aparaḥ
śiṣṭācīrṇaḥ paraḥ proktaḥ trayaḥ dharmāḥ sanātanāḥ
5. The supreme natural law (dharma) is that declared in the Vedas. Another is that which is found in the Smṛti scriptures. The next is declared to be that practiced by the disciplined ones. These are the three eternal natural laws (dharmas).
त्रैविद्यो ब्राह्मणो विद्वान्न चाध्ययनजीवनः ।
त्रिकर्मा त्रिपरिक्रान्तो मैत्र एष स्मृतो द्विजः ॥६॥
6. traividyo brāhmaṇo vidvānna cādhyayanajīvanaḥ ,
trikarmā triparikrānto maitra eṣa smṛto dvijaḥ.
6. traividyaḥ brāhmaṇaḥ vidvān na ca adhyayanajīvanaḥ
trikarmā triparikrāntaḥ maitraḥ eṣaḥ smṛtaḥ dvijaḥ
6. A Brahmin who is proficient in the three Vedas, learned, and does not solely subsist on teaching, who performs the three prescribed actions (karma), has completed three stages, and is benevolent – this individual is declared a twice-born (dvija).
षडिमानि तु कर्माणि प्रोवाच भुवनेश्वरः ।
वृत्त्यर्थं ब्राह्मणानां वै शृणु तानि समाहिता ॥७॥
7. ṣaḍimāni tu karmāṇi provāca bhuvaneśvaraḥ ,
vṛttyarthaṁ brāhmaṇānāṁ vai śṛṇu tāni samāhitā.
7. ṣaṭ imāni tu karmāṇi provāca bhuvanesvaraḥ
vṛttyartham brāhmaṇānām vai śṛṇu tāni samāhitā
7. bhuvanesvaraḥ vai ṣaṭ imāni karmāṇi brāhmaṇānām
vṛttyartham provāca samāhitā tāni śṛṇu
7. The Lord of the world indeed declared these six duties for the livelihood of the brahmins. Listen to them attentively.
यजनं याजनं चैव तथा दानप्रतिग्रहौ ।
अध्यापनमधीतं च षट्कर्मा धर्मभाग्द्विजः ॥८॥
8. yajanaṁ yājanaṁ caiva tathā dānapratigrahau ,
adhyāpanamadhītaṁ ca ṣaṭkarmā dharmabhāgdvijaḥ.
8. yajanam yājanam ca eva tathā dānapratigrahau
adhyāpanam adhītam ca ṣaṭkarmā dharmabhāk dvijaḥ
8. dvijaḥ ṣaṭkarmā dharmabhāk yajanam yājanam ca
eva tathā dānapratigrahau adhyāpanam adhītam ca
8. The six duties are: performing Vedic rituals (yajanam), conducting Vedic rituals for others (yājanam), giving and receiving gifts, teaching, and studying. The twice-born (dvija) thereby upholds his natural law (dharma).
नित्यस्वाध्यायता धर्मो धर्मो यज्ञः सनातनः ।
दानं प्रशस्यते चास्य यथाशक्ति यथाविधि ॥९॥
9. nityasvādhyāyatā dharmo dharmo yajñaḥ sanātanaḥ ,
dānaṁ praśasyate cāsya yathāśakti yathāvidhi.
9. nityasvādhyāyatā dharmaḥ dharmaḥ yajñaḥ sanātanaḥ
dānam praśasyate ca asya yathāśakti yathāvidhi
9. nityasvādhyāyatā dharmaḥ sanātanaḥ yajñaḥ dharmaḥ
ca asya dānam yathāśakti yathāvidhi praśasyate
9. Constant self-study (svādhyāya) is a natural law (dharma); the eternal Vedic ritual (yajña) is also a natural law (dharma). Moreover, giving (dāna) by him is commended according to his capacity and according to proper procedure.
अयं तु परमो धर्मः प्रवृत्तः सत्सु नित्यशः ।
गृहस्थता विशुद्धानां धर्मस्य निचयो महान् ॥१०॥
10. ayaṁ tu paramo dharmaḥ pravṛttaḥ satsu nityaśaḥ ,
gṛhasthatā viśuddhānāṁ dharmasya nicayo mahān.
10. ayam tu paramaḥ dharmaḥ pravṛttaḥ satsu nityaśaḥ
gṛhasthatā viśuddhānām dharmasya nicayaḥ mahān
10. ayam tu paramaḥ dharmaḥ satsu nityaśaḥ pravṛttaḥ
viśuddhānām gṛhasthatā dharmasya mahān nicayaḥ
10. This supreme natural law (dharma) is always established among the virtuous. For the pure, the householder life is a great embodiment of natural law (dharma).
पञ्चयज्ञविशुद्धात्मा सत्यवागनसूयकः ।
दाता ब्राह्मणसत्कर्ता सुसंमृष्टनिवेशनः ॥११॥
11. pañcayajñaviśuddhātmā satyavāganasūyakaḥ ,
dātā brāhmaṇasatkartā susaṁmṛṣṭaniveśanaḥ.
11. pañcayajñaviśuddhātmā satyavāk anasūyakaḥ
dātā brāhmaṇasatkartā susaṃmṛṣṭaniveśanaḥ
11. pañcayajñaviśuddhātmā satyavāk anasūyakaḥ
dātā brāhmaṇasatkartā susaṃmṛṣṭaniveśanaḥ
11. One whose inner self (ātman) is purified by the five (daily) Vedic rituals (yajña), who speaks truthfully, is not malicious, is a generous giver, honors Brahmins, and keeps their dwelling thoroughly clean.
अमानी च सदाजिह्मः स्निग्धवाणीप्रदस्तथा ।
अतिथ्यभ्यागतरतिः शेषान्नकृतभोजनः ॥१२॥
12. amānī ca sadājihmaḥ snigdhavāṇīpradastathā ,
atithyabhyāgataratiḥ śeṣānnakṛtabhojanaḥ.
12. amānī ca sadājihmaḥ snigdhavāṇīpradaḥ tathā
atithyabhyāgataratiḥ śeṣānnakṛtabhojanaḥ
12. amānī ca sadājihmaḥ tathā snigdhavāṇīpradaḥ
atithyabhyāgataratiḥ śeṣānnakṛtabhojanaḥ
12. And one who is humble, always straightforward, and speaks kindly; who delights in guests and visitors, and partakes of food only after others have been served.
पाद्यमर्घ्यं यथान्यायमासनं शयनं तथा ।
दीपं प्रतिश्रयं चापि यो ददाति स धार्मिकः ॥१३॥
13. pādyamarghyaṁ yathānyāyamāsanaṁ śayanaṁ tathā ,
dīpaṁ pratiśrayaṁ cāpi yo dadāti sa dhārmikaḥ.
13. pādyam arghyam yathānyāyam āsanam śayanam tathā
dīpam pratiśrayam ca api yaḥ dadāti saḥ dhārmikaḥ
13. yaḥ pādyam arghyam yathānyāyam āsanam śayanam
tathā dīpam ca api pratiśrayam dadāti saḥ dhārmikaḥ
13. Whoever properly provides foot-washing water, respectful offerings, a seat, a bed, a lamp, and shelter - that person is righteous (dharmika).
प्रातरुत्थाय चाचम्य भोजनेनोपमन्त्र्य च ।
सत्कृत्यानुव्रजेद्यश्च तस्य धर्मः सनातनः ॥१४॥
14. prātarutthāya cācamya bhojanenopamantrya ca ,
satkṛtyānuvrajedyaśca tasya dharmaḥ sanātanaḥ.
14. prātaḥ utthāya ca ācamya bhojanena upamantrya ca
satkṛtya anuvrajet yaḥ ca tasya dharmaḥ sanātanaḥ
14. yaḥ ca prātaḥ utthāya ācamya ca bhojanena upamantrya
satkṛtya ca anuvrajet tasya dharmaḥ sanātanaḥ
14. And whoever, having risen in the morning and performed ritual sipping of water, invites guests with food, honors them, and then escorts them when they depart - that person's righteous conduct (dharma) is eternal.
सर्वातिथ्यं त्रिवर्गस्य यथाशक्ति दिवानिशम् ।
शूद्रधर्मः समाख्यातस्त्रिवर्णपरिचारणम् ॥१५॥
15. sarvātithyaṁ trivargasya yathāśakti divāniśam ,
śūdradharmaḥ samākhyātastrivarṇaparicāraṇam.
15. sarvātithyam trivargasya yathāśakti divāniśam
śūdradharmaḥ samākhyātaḥ trivarṇaparicāraṇam
15. trivargasya sarvātithyam divāniśam yathāśakti
trivarṇaparicāraṇam śūdradharmaḥ samākhyātaḥ
15. Hospitality towards all (of the three higher classes), performed day and night according to one's capacity, and service to the three higher classes, is declared to be the specific duty (dharma) of a śūdra.
प्रवृत्तिलक्षणो धर्मो गृहस्थेषु विधीयते ।
तमहं कीर्तयिष्यामि सर्वभूतहितं शुभम् ॥१६॥
16. pravṛttilakṣaṇo dharmo gṛhastheṣu vidhīyate ,
tamahaṁ kīrtayiṣyāmi sarvabhūtahitaṁ śubham.
16. pravṛttilakṣaṇaḥ dharmaḥ gṛhastheṣu vidhīyate
tam aham kīrtayiṣyāmi sarvabhūtahitam śubham
16. pravṛttilakṣaṇaḥ dharmaḥ gṛhastheṣu vidhīyate
aham sarvabhūtahitam śubham tam kīrtayiṣyāmi
16. The way of life (dharma) characterized by active engagement is prescribed for householders. I will now describe that auspicious path (dharma) which is beneficial to all beings.
दातव्यमसकृच्छक्त्या यष्टव्यमसकृत्तथा ।
पुष्टिकर्मविधानं च कर्तव्यं भूतिमिच्छता ॥१७॥
17. dātavyamasakṛcchaktyā yaṣṭavyamasakṛttathā ,
puṣṭikarmavidhānaṁ ca kartavyaṁ bhūtimicchatā.
17. dātavyam asakṛt śaktyā yaṣṭavyam asakṛt tathā
puṣṭikarmavidhānam ca kartavyam bhūtim icchatā
17. śaktyā asakṛt dātavyam tathā asakṛt yaṣṭavyam
bhūtim icchatā ca puṣṭikarmavidhānam kartavyam
17. Charitable gifts (dāna) should be given repeatedly according to one's capacity, and Vedic rituals (yajña) should likewise be performed repeatedly. Furthermore, the practice of rites for nourishment and prosperity should be undertaken by one who desires well-being.
धर्मेणार्थः समाहार्यो धर्मलब्धं त्रिधा धनम् ।
कर्तव्यं धर्मपरमं मानवेन प्रयत्नतः ॥१८॥
18. dharmeṇārthaḥ samāhāryo dharmalabdhaṁ tridhā dhanam ,
kartavyaṁ dharmaparamaṁ mānavena prayatnataḥ.
18. dharmeṇa arthaḥ samāhāryaḥ dharmalabdham tridhā
dhanam kartavyam dharmaparamam mānavena prayatnataḥ
18. mānavena prayatnataḥ dharmeṇa arthaḥ samāhāryaḥ
dharmalabdham dhanam tridhā dharmaparamam kartavyam
18. Material prosperity (artha) should be accumulated through righteous means (dharma). Wealth (dhanam) obtained through such righteous means (dharma) should be divided threefold. This must be performed diligently by a human being, with the intrinsic nature (dharma) as the supreme goal.
एकेनांशेन धर्मार्थश्चर्तव्यो भूतिमिच्छता ।
एकेनांशेन कामार्थ एकमंशं विवर्धयेत् ॥१९॥
19. ekenāṁśena dharmārthaścartavyo bhūtimicchatā ,
ekenāṁśena kāmārtha ekamaṁśaṁ vivardhayet.
19. ekena aṃśena dharmārthaḥ cartavyaḥ bhūtim icchatā
ekena aṃśena kāmārthaḥ ekam aṃśam vivardhayet
19. bhūtim icchatā ekena aṃśena dharmārthaḥ cartavyaḥ
ekena aṃśena kāmārthaḥ ekam aṃśam vivardhayet
19. One who desires prosperity should pursue the purpose of righteousness (dharma) with one portion (of their resources or effort). With another portion, they should pursue the purpose of desires (kāma), and one portion should be developed (for future growth).
निवृत्तिलक्षणस्त्वन्यो धर्मो मोक्ष इति स्मृतः ।
तस्य वृत्तिं प्रवक्ष्यामि शृणु मे देवि तत्त्वतः ॥२०॥
20. nivṛttilakṣaṇastvanyo dharmo mokṣa iti smṛtaḥ ,
tasya vṛttiṁ pravakṣyāmi śṛṇu me devi tattvataḥ.
20. nivṛttilakṣaṇaḥ tu anyaḥ dharmaḥ mokṣaḥ iti smṛtaḥ
tasya vṛttim pravakṣyāmi śṛṇu me devi tattvataḥ
20. tu anyaḥ nivṛttilakṣaṇaḥ dharmaḥ mokṣaḥ iti smṛtaḥ
devi me tasya vṛttim tattvataḥ pravakṣyāmi śṛṇu
20. But another aspect of inherent duty (dharma), characterized by cessation (from worldly pursuits), is considered liberation (mokṣa). O Goddess, I will truly explain its nature to you; listen to me.
सर्वभूतदया धर्मो न चैकग्रामवासिता ।
आशापाशविमोक्षश्च शस्यते मोक्षकाङ्क्षिणाम् ॥२१॥
21. sarvabhūtadayā dharmo na caikagrāmavāsitā ,
āśāpāśavimokṣaśca śasyate mokṣakāṅkṣiṇām.
21. sarvabhūtadayā dharmaḥ na ca ekagrāmavāsitā
āśāpāśavimokṣaḥ ca śasyate mokṣakāṅkṣiṇām
21. sarvabhūtadayā dharmaḥ (asti) ca ekagrāmavāsitā na
(asti) ca āśāpāśavimokṣaḥ mokṣakāṅkṣiṇām śasyate
21. Compassion for all beings is considered righteousness (dharma), and not attachment to living in a single village. Liberation from the bonds of hope and desire is praised for those who aspire to liberation (mokṣa).
न कुण्ड्यां नोदके सङ्गो न वाससि न चासने ।
न त्रिदण्डे न शयने नाग्नौ न शरणालये ॥२२॥
22. na kuṇḍyāṁ nodake saṅgo na vāsasi na cāsane ,
na tridaṇḍe na śayane nāgnau na śaraṇālaye.
22. na kuṇḍyām na udake saṅgaḥ na vāsasi na ca āsane
na tridaṇḍe na śayane na agnau na śaraṇālaye
22. saṅgaḥ na kuṇḍyām na udake na vāsasi na āsane
ca na tridaṇḍe na śayane na agnau na śaraṇālaye
22. There should be no attachment to a water pot, nor to water, nor to clothes, nor to a seat. Neither to a triple staff, nor to a bed, nor to fire, nor to a shelter.
अध्यात्मगतचित्तो यस्तन्मनास्तत्परायणः ।
युक्तो योगं प्रति सदा प्रतिसंख्यानमेव च ॥२३॥
23. adhyātmagatacitto yastanmanāstatparāyaṇaḥ ,
yukto yogaṁ prati sadā pratisaṁkhyānameva ca.
23. adhyātmagatacittaḥ yaḥ tatmanāḥ tatparāyaṇaḥ
yuktaḥ yogam prati sadā pratisaṃkhyānam eva ca
23. yaḥ adhyātmagatacittaḥ tatmanāḥ tatparāyaṇaḥ
sadā yogam prati pratisaṃkhyānam eva ca yuktaḥ
23. One whose consciousness is fixed on the supreme Self (adhyātma), whose mind is absorbed in it, and who regards it as the ultimate goal, remains constantly disciplined in the practice of (yoga) and in discriminative introspection.
वृक्षमूलशयो नित्यं शून्यागारनिवेशनः ।
नदीपुलिनशायी च नदीतीररतिश्च यः ॥२४॥
24. vṛkṣamūlaśayo nityaṁ śūnyāgāraniveśanaḥ ,
nadīpulinaśāyī ca nadītīraratiśca yaḥ.
24. vṛkṣamūlaśayaḥ nityam śūnyāgāraniveśanaḥ
nadīpulinaśāyī ca nadītīraratiḥ ca yaḥ
24. yaḥ nityam vṛkṣamūlaśayaḥ śūnyāgāraniveśanaḥ
ca nadīpulinaśāyī ca nadītīraratiḥ
24. One who constantly sleeps at the foot of a tree, dwells in an empty house, and lies upon sandy riverbanks, finding delight in dwelling by riverbanks.
विमुक्तः सर्वसङ्गेषु स्नेहबन्धेषु च द्विजः ।
आत्मन्येवात्मनो भावं समासज्याटति द्विजः ॥२५॥
25. vimuktaḥ sarvasaṅgeṣu snehabandheṣu ca dvijaḥ ,
ātmanyevātmano bhāvaṁ samāsajyāṭati dvijaḥ.
25. vimuktaḥ sarvasaṅgeṣu snehabandheṣu ca dvijaḥ
ātmani eva ātmanaḥ bhāvam samāsajya āṭati dvijaḥ
25. dvijaḥ sarvasaṅgeṣu ca snehabandheṣu vimuktaḥ
ātmani eva ātmanaḥ bhāvam samāsajya dvijaḥ āṭati
25. That twice-born (dvija), liberated from all attachments and bonds of affection, fixes his own true nature (bhāva) entirely within the Self (ātman) and thus roams freely.
स्थाणुभूतो निराहारो मोक्षदृष्टेन कर्मणा ।
परिव्रजति यो युक्तस्तस्य धर्मः सनातनः ॥२६॥
26. sthāṇubhūto nirāhāro mokṣadṛṣṭena karmaṇā ,
parivrajati yo yuktastasya dharmaḥ sanātanaḥ.
26. sthāṇubhūtaḥ nirāhāraḥ mokṣadṛṣṭena karmaṇā
parivrajati yaḥ yuktaḥ tasya dharmaḥ sanātanaḥ
26. yaḥ sthāṇubhūtaḥ nirāhāraḥ mokṣadṛṣṭena karmaṇā
yuktaḥ parivrajati tasya dharmaḥ sanātanaḥ
26. One who, becoming motionless like a tree-stump and abstaining from food, wanders as a disciplined ascetic by means of actions (karma) aimed at final liberation (mokṣa) – his way of life (dharma) is eternal.
न चैकत्र चिरासक्तो न चैकग्रामगोचरः ।
युक्तो ह्यटति निर्मुक्तो न चैकपुलिनेशयः ॥२७॥
27. na caikatra cirāsakto na caikagrāmagocaraḥ ,
yukto hyaṭati nirmukto na caikapulineśayaḥ.
27. na ca ekatra cira āsaktaḥ na ca eka grāma gocaraḥ
yuktaḥ hi aṭati nirmuktaḥ na ca eka pulina śayaḥ
27. ekatra cira āsaktaḥ na ca,
eka grāma gocaraḥ na ca,
eka pulina śayaḥ na ca.
hi yuktaḥ nirmuktaḥ aṭati.
27. Such a person is not attached for long to any one place, nor does he limit himself to a single village. Indeed, being disciplined and liberated, he wanders, not sleeping too long on a single riverbank.
एष मोक्षविदां धर्मो वेदोक्तः सत्पथः सताम् ।
यो मार्गमनुयातीमं पदं तस्य न विद्यते ॥२८॥
28. eṣa mokṣavidāṁ dharmo vedoktaḥ satpathaḥ satām ,
yo mārgamanuyātīmaṁ padaṁ tasya na vidyate.
28. eṣaḥ mokṣavidām dharmaḥ veda uktaḥ satpathaḥ satām
yaḥ mārgam anuyāti imam padam tasya na vidyate
28. eṣaḥ mokṣavidām dharmaḥ,
satām veda uktaḥ satpathaḥ.
yaḥ imam mārgam anuyāti,
tasya padam na vidyate.
28. This is the constitution (dharma) for those who understand liberation (mokṣa), the true path of the virtuous, declared in the Vedas. Whoever follows this path finds for himself no fixed state.
चतुर्विधा भिक्षवस्ते कुटीचरकृतोदकः ।
हंसः परमहंसश्च यो यः पश्चात्स उत्तमः ॥२९॥
29. caturvidhā bhikṣavaste kuṭīcarakṛtodakaḥ ,
haṁsaḥ paramahaṁsaśca yo yaḥ paścātsa uttamaḥ.
29. caturvidhāḥ bhikṣavaḥ te kuṭīcaraḥ kṛtodakaḥ
haṃsaḥ paramahaṃsaḥ ca yaḥ yaḥ paścāt saḥ uttamaḥ
29. te bhikṣavaḥ caturvidhāḥ: kuṭīcaraḥ,
kṛtodakaḥ,
haṃsaḥ ca paramahaṃsaḥ.
yaḥ yaḥ paścāt,
saḥ uttamaḥ.
29. Those mendicants are of four kinds: Kuṭīcara, Kṛtodaka, Haṃsa, and Paramahaṃsa. Each subsequent type is superior to the preceding one.
अतः परतरं नास्ति नाधरं न तिरोऽग्रतः ।
अदुःखमसुखं सौम्यमजरामरमव्ययम् ॥३०॥
30. ataḥ parataraṁ nāsti nādharaṁ na tiro'grataḥ ,
aduḥkhamasukhaṁ saumyamajarāmaramavyayam.
30. ataḥ parataram na asti na adharam na tiraḥ
agrataḥ aduḥkhamasukham saumyamajarāmaramavyayam
30. ataḥ parataram na asti,
na adharam,
na tiraḥ agrataḥ.
aduḥkhamasukham saumyamajarāmaramavyayam.
30. From this (state), there is nothing higher, nothing lower, nor anything concealed or ahead. It is free from sorrow, free from happiness, tranquil, ageless, immortal, and imperishable.
उमोवाच ।
गार्हस्थ्यो मोक्षधर्मश्च सज्जनाचरितस्त्वया ।
भाषितो मर्त्यलोकस्य मार्गः श्रेयस्करो महान् ॥३१॥
31. umovāca ,
gārhasthyo mokṣadharmaśca sajjanācaritastvayā ,
bhāṣito martyalokasya mārgaḥ śreyaskaro mahān.
31. umā uvāca gārhasthyaḥ mokṣadharmaḥ ca sajjanācaritaḥ
tvayā bhāṣitaḥ martyalokasya mārgaḥ śreyaskaraḥ mahān
31. umā uvāca tvayā sajjanācaritaḥ gārhasthyaḥ mokṣadharmaḥ
ca martyalokasya mahān śreyaskaraḥ mārgaḥ bhāṣitaḥ
31. Umā said: "The intrinsic nature (dharma) of liberation (mokṣa) for householders, as practiced by virtuous people, has been expounded by you as a great and beneficial path for the mortal world."
ऋषिधर्मं तु धर्मज्ञ श्रोतुमिच्छाम्यनुत्तमम् ।
स्पृहा भवति मे नित्यं तपोवननिवासिषु ॥३२॥
32. ṛṣidharmaṁ tu dharmajña śrotumicchāmyanuttamam ,
spṛhā bhavati me nityaṁ tapovananivāsiṣu.
32. ṛṣidharmam tu dharmajña śrotum icchāmi anuttamam
spṛhā bhavati me nityam tapovananivāsiṣu
32. tu dharmajña anuttamam ṛṣidharmam śrotum
icchāmi me nityam tapovananivāsiṣu spṛhā bhavati
32. But, O knower of intrinsic nature (dharma), I wish to hear about the supreme intrinsic nature (dharma) of the sages. My longing is always for those who reside in hermitages.
आज्यधूमोद्भवो गन्धो रुणद्धीव तपोवनम् ।
तं दृष्ट्वा मे मनः प्रीतं महेश्वर सदा भवेत् ॥३३॥
33. ājyadhūmodbhavo gandho ruṇaddhīva tapovanam ,
taṁ dṛṣṭvā me manaḥ prītaṁ maheśvara sadā bhavet.
33. ājyadhūmodbhavaḥ gandhaḥ ruṇaddhi iva tapovanam
tam dṛṣṭvā me manaḥ prītam maheśvara sadā bhavet
33. ājyadhūmodbhavaḥ gandhaḥ tapovanam ruṇaddhi iva
tam dṛṣṭvā maheśvara me manaḥ sadā prītam bhavet
33. The fragrance arising from the smoke of clarified butter (ājya) seems to envelop the hermitage. Upon seeing that, O Maheśvara, my mind is always delighted.
एतं मे संशयं देव मुनिधर्मकृतं विभो ।
सर्वधर्मार्थतत्त्वज्ञ देवदेव वदस्व मे ।
निखिलेन मया पृष्टं महादेव यथातथम् ॥३४॥
34. etaṁ me saṁśayaṁ deva munidharmakṛtaṁ vibho ,
sarvadharmārthatattvajña devadeva vadasva me ,
nikhilena mayā pṛṣṭaṁ mahādeva yathātatham.
34. etam me saṃśayam deva munidharmakṛtam
vibho sarvadharmārthatattvajña
devadeva vadasva me nikhilena
mayā pṛṣṭam mahādeva yathātatham
34. deva vibho sarvadharmārthatattvajña
devadeva munidharmakṛtam etam
me saṃśayam me vadasva mahādeva
mayā nikhilena yathātatham pṛṣṭam
34. O God, O All-pervading Lord, O knower of the essence of all intrinsic natures (dharma) and their purposes (artha), please explain to me this doubt of mine regarding the intrinsic nature (dharma) of sages. O Mahādeva, I have asked you this completely and accurately.
महेश्वर उवाच ।
हन्त तेऽहं प्रवक्ष्यामि मुनिधर्ममनुत्तमम् ।
यं कृत्वा मुनयो यान्ति सिद्धिं स्वतपसा शुभे ॥३५॥
35. maheśvara uvāca ,
hanta te'haṁ pravakṣyāmi munidharmamanuttamam ,
yaṁ kṛtvā munayo yānti siddhiṁ svatapasā śubhe.
35. maheśvara uvāca hanta te aham pravakṣyāmi munidharmam
anuttamam yam kṛtvā munayaḥ yānti siddhim svatapasā śubhe
35. maheśvara uvāca śubhe hanta aham te anuttamam munidharmam
pravakṣyāmi yam kṛtvā munayaḥ svatapasā siddhim yānti
35. Maheśvara said: "Indeed, O auspicious one, I will now explain to you the unsurpassed intrinsic nature (dharma) of ascetics, by performing which ascetics attain perfection through their own spiritual practice (tapas)."
फेनपानामृषीणां यो धर्मो धर्मविदां सदा ।
तं मे शृणु महाभागे धर्मज्ञे धर्ममादितः ॥३६॥
36. phenapānāmṛṣīṇāṁ yo dharmo dharmavidāṁ sadā ,
taṁ me śṛṇu mahābhāge dharmajñe dharmamāditaḥ.
36. phenapānām ṛṣīṇām yaḥ dharmaḥ dharmavidām sadā
tam me śṛṇu mahābhāge dharmajñe dharmam āditaḥ
36. mahābhāge dharmajñe me āditaḥ tam dharmam śṛṇu
yaḥ phenapānām ṛṣīṇām dharmavidām sadā dharmaḥ
36. O greatly fortunate one, O knower of the intrinsic nature (dharma), listen from me, from the beginning, to that intrinsic nature (dharma) which always belongs to the foam-drinking sages, those who truly understand (dharma).
उञ्छन्ति सततं तस्मिन्ब्राह्मं फेनोत्करं शुभम् ।
अमृतं ब्रह्मणा पीतं मधुरं प्रसृतं दिवि ॥३७॥
37. uñchanti satataṁ tasminbrāhmaṁ phenotkaraṁ śubham ,
amṛtaṁ brahmaṇā pītaṁ madhuraṁ prasṛtaṁ divi.
37. uñchanti satatam tasmin brāhmam phenotkaram śubham
amṛtam brahmaṇā pītam madhuram prasṛtam divi
37. tasmin satatam brāhmam śubham phenotkaram uñchanti
amṛtam brahmaṇā pītam madhuram divi prasṛtam
37. Constantly, in that practice, they glean the divine and auspicious mass of foam, which is the sweet nectar (amṛta) drunk by (brahman) and spread forth in heaven.
एष तेषां विशुद्धानां फेनपानां तपोधने ।
धर्मचर्याकृतो मार्गो वालखिल्यगणे शृणु ॥३८॥
38. eṣa teṣāṁ viśuddhānāṁ phenapānāṁ tapodhane ,
dharmacaryākṛto mārgo vālakhilyagaṇe śṛṇu.
38. eṣa teṣām viśuddhānām phenapānām tapodhane
dharmacaryākṛtaḥ mārgaḥ vālakhilyagaṇe śṛṇu
38. tapodhane śṛṇu eṣa teṣām viśuddhānām phenapānām
dharmacaryākṛtaḥ mārgaḥ vālakhilyagaṇe
38. O you who are rich in spiritual practice (tapas), listen! This is their path, the path of pure (dharma)-conduct for those foam-drinkers, within the assembly of the Vālakhilyas.
वालखिल्यास्तपःसिद्धा मुनयः सूर्यमण्डले ।
उञ्छमुञ्छन्ति धर्मज्ञाः शाकुनीं वृत्तिमास्थिताः ॥३९॥
39. vālakhilyāstapaḥsiddhā munayaḥ sūryamaṇḍale ,
uñchamuñchanti dharmajñāḥ śākunīṁ vṛttimāsthitāḥ.
39. vālakhilyāḥ tapaḥsiddhāḥ munayaḥ sūryamaṇḍale
uñcham uñchanti dharmajñāḥ śākunīm vṛttim āsthitāḥ
39. vālakhilyāḥ tapaḥsiddhāḥ dharmajñāḥ munayaḥ
sūryamaṇḍale śākunīm vṛttim āsthitāḥ uñcham uñchanti
39. The Vālakhilya sages, perfected through their asceticism (tapas) and conversant with natural law (dharma), reside in the solar orb. They sustain themselves by gleaning, having adopted a lifestyle similar to birds.
मृगनिर्मोकवसनाश्चीरवल्कलवाससः ।
निर्द्वंद्वाः सत्पथं प्राप्ता वालखिल्यास्तपोधनाः ॥४०॥
40. mṛganirmokavasanāścīravalkalavāsasaḥ ,
nirdvaṁdvāḥ satpathaṁ prāptā vālakhilyāstapodhanāḥ.
40. mṛganirmokavasanāḥ cīravalkalavāsasaḥ nirdvandvāḥ
satpatham prāptāḥ vālakhilyāḥ tapodhanāḥ
40. mṛganirmokavasanāḥ cīravalkalavāsasaḥ nirdvandvāḥ
tapodhanāḥ vālakhilyāḥ satpatham prāptāḥ
40. The Vālakhilya sages, whose only wealth is asceticism (tapas), wear garments of deerskin, bark, and rags. Free from dualities, they have attained the true path.
अङ्गुष्ठपर्वमात्रास्ते स्वेष्वङ्गेषु व्यवस्थिताः ।
तपश्चरणमीहन्ते तेषां धर्मफलं महत् ॥४१॥
41. aṅguṣṭhaparvamātrāste sveṣvaṅgeṣu vyavasthitāḥ ,
tapaścaraṇamīhante teṣāṁ dharmaphalaṁ mahat.
41. aṅguṣṭhaparvamātrāḥ te sveṣu aṅgeṣu vyavasthitāḥ
tapaścaraṇam īhante teṣām dharmaphalam mahat
41. aṅguṣṭhaparvamātrāḥ te sveṣu aṅgeṣu vyavasthitāḥ
tapaścaraṇam īhante teṣām dharmaphalam mahat
41. Of the size of a thumb-joint, they are established within their own bodies. They strive to perform asceticism (tapas), and the fruit of their natural law (dharma) is great.
ते सुरैः समतां यान्ति सुरकार्यार्थसिद्धये ।
द्योतयन्तो दिशः सर्वास्तपसा दग्धकिल्बिषाः ॥४२॥
42. te suraiḥ samatāṁ yānti surakāryārthasiddhaye ,
dyotayanto diśaḥ sarvāstapasā dagdhakilbiṣāḥ.
42. te suraiḥ samatām yānti surakāryārthasiddhaye
dyotayantaḥ diśaḥ sarvāḥ tapasā dagdhakilbiṣāḥ
42. te suraiḥ samatām surakāryārthasiddhaye yānti
dyotayantaḥ sarvāḥ diśaḥ tapasā dagdhakilbiṣāḥ
42. They achieve equality with the gods, aiding in the fulfillment of the gods' objectives. Illuminating all directions, they have burned away their impurities through their asceticism (tapas).
ये त्वन्ये शुद्धमनसो दयाधर्मपरायणाः ।
सन्तश्चक्रचराः पुण्याः सोमलोकचराश्च ये ॥४३॥
43. ye tvanye śuddhamanaso dayādharmaparāyaṇāḥ ,
santaścakracarāḥ puṇyāḥ somalokacarāśca ye.
43. ye tu anye śuddhamanasaḥ dayādharmaparāyaṇāḥ
santaḥ cakracarāḥ puṇyāḥ somalokacarāḥ ca ye
43. ye tu anye śuddhamanasaḥ dayādharmaparāyaṇāḥ
santaḥ puṇyāḥ cakracarāḥ ca ye somalokacarāḥ ca
43. And those others who are pure-minded, dedicated to compassion and natural law (dharma), virtuous, who move in cycles (saṃsāra), and who are meritorious, and those who dwell in the lunar realm.
पितृलोकसमीपस्थास्त उञ्छन्ति यथाविधि ।
संप्रक्षालाश्मकुट्टाश्च दन्तोलूखलिनस्तथा ॥४४॥
44. pitṛlokasamīpasthāsta uñchanti yathāvidhi ,
saṁprakṣālāśmakuṭṭāśca dantolūkhalinastathā.
44. pitṛlokasamīpasthāḥ te uñchanti yathāvidhi
samprākṣālāśmakuṭṭāḥ ca dantolūkhlinaḥ tathā
44. te pitṛlokasamīpasthāḥ yathāvidhi uñchanti
samprākṣālāśmakuṭṭāḥ ca tathā dantolūkhlinaḥ ca
44. Those who reside near the world of the ancestors (pitṛloka) glean according to prescribed rules. And similarly, those who wash themselves thoroughly, grind (grain) with stones, and those who use their teeth as a mortar.
सोमपानां च देवानामूष्मपाणां तथैव च ।
उञ्छन्ति ये समीपस्थाः स्वभावनियतेन्द्रियाः ॥४५॥
45. somapānāṁ ca devānāmūṣmapāṇāṁ tathaiva ca ,
uñchanti ye samīpasthāḥ svabhāvaniyatendriyāḥ.
45. somapānām ca devānām ūṣmapāṇām tathā eva ca
uñchanti ye samīpasthāḥ svabhāvaniyateṃdriyāḥ
45. ye svabhāvaniyateṃdriyāḥ samīpasthāḥ uñchanti
somapānām devānām ca ūṣmapāṇām ca tathā eva
45. And those who are nearby and whose senses are controlled by their own intrinsic nature (dharma) glean for the Soma-drinking gods and also for the vapor-drinking (deities).
तेषामग्निपरिष्यन्दः पितृदेवार्चनं तथा ।
यज्ञानां चापि पञ्चानां यजनं धर्म उच्यते ॥४६॥
46. teṣāmagnipariṣyandaḥ pitṛdevārcanaṁ tathā ,
yajñānāṁ cāpi pañcānāṁ yajanaṁ dharma ucyate.
46. teṣām agnipariṣyandaḥ pitṛdevārcanam tathā
yajñānām ca api pañcānām yajanam dharmaḥ ucyate
46. teṣām agnipariṣyandaḥ tathā pitṛdevārcanam ca
api pañcānām yajñānām yajanam dharmaḥ ucyate
46. For them, the offering to Agni (fire god), and similarly, the worship of ancestors and gods, and also the performance of the five great Vedic rituals (yajña) is declared to be their natural law (dharma).
एष चक्रचरैर्देवि देवलोकचरैर्द्विजैः ।
ऋषिधर्मः सदा चीर्णो योऽन्यस्तमपि मे शृणु ॥४७॥
47. eṣa cakracarairdevi devalokacarairdvijaiḥ ,
ṛṣidharmaḥ sadā cīrṇo yo'nyastamapi me śṛṇu.
47. eṣaḥ cakracaraiḥ devi devalokacaraiḥ dvijaiḥ
ṛṣidharmaḥ sadā cīrṇaḥ yaḥ anyaḥ tam api me śṛṇu
47. devi,
eṣaḥ ṛṣidharmaḥ cakracaraiḥ devalokacaraiḥ dvijaiḥ sadā cīrṇaḥ.
yaḥ anyaḥ (dharmaḥ asti),
tam api me śṛṇu.
47. O goddess, this natural law (dharma) of the sages has always been practiced by ascetics who follow their disciplines and by the twice-born (dvija) who traverse divine realms. Now, listen from me about the other (dharma) as well.
सर्वेष्वेवर्षिधर्मेषु जेय आत्मा जितेन्द्रियः ।
कामक्रोधौ ततः पश्चाज्जेतव्याविति मे मतिः ॥४८॥
48. sarveṣvevarṣidharmeṣu jeya ātmā jitendriyaḥ ,
kāmakrodhau tataḥ paścājjetavyāviti me matiḥ.
48. sarveṣu eva ṛṣidharmeṣu jeyaḥ ātmā jitendriyaḥ
kāmakrodhau tataḥ paścāt jetavyau iti me matiḥ
48. sarveṣu eva ṛṣidharmeṣu,
ātmā jeyaḥ (ca) jitendriyaḥ (syāt).
tataḥ paścāt,
kāmakrodhau jetavyau.
iti me matiḥ.
48. Among all the natural laws (dharma) of the sages, the individual self (ātman) must indeed be conquered, and one must be sense-controlled. Then, subsequently, desire and anger must be conquered. This is my conviction.
अग्निहोत्रपरिस्पन्दो धर्मरात्रिसमासनम् ।
सोमयज्ञाभ्यनुज्ञानं पञ्चमी यज्ञदक्षिणा ॥४९॥
49. agnihotraparispando dharmarātrisamāsanam ,
somayajñābhyanujñānaṁ pañcamī yajñadakṣiṇā.
49. agnihotraparispandaḥ dharmarātrisamāsanam
somayajñābhyanujñānam pañcamī yajñadakṣiṇā
49. agnihotraparispandaḥ,
dharmarātrisamāsanam (ca),
somayajñābhyanujñānam (ca) (etāḥ) pañcamī yajñadakṣiṇā (bhavati).
49. The performance of the Agnihotra (Vedic fire ritual), the observance of a night of natural law (dharma), and the sanctioning of Soma (Vedic ritual)s – these constitute the fifth offering (dakṣiṇā) for a Vedic ritual.
नित्यं यज्ञक्रिया धर्मः पितृदेवार्चने रतिः ।
सर्वातिथ्यं च कर्तव्यमन्नेनोञ्छार्जितेन वै ॥५०॥
50. nityaṁ yajñakriyā dharmaḥ pitṛdevārcane ratiḥ ,
sarvātithyaṁ ca kartavyamannenoñchārjitena vai.
50. nityam yajñakriyā dharmaḥ pitṛdevārcane ratiḥ
sarvātithyam ca kartavyam annena uñchārjitena vai
50. nityam yajñakriyā (ekaḥ) dharmaḥ (asti),
pitṛdevārcane ratiḥ (ca dharmaḥ asti).
ca sarvātithyam uñchārjitena annena vai kartavyam.
50. The constant performance of Vedic rituals (yajña) is a natural law (dharma), as is devotion in the worship of ancestors and deities. Moreover, hospitality to all guests should certainly be extended with food acquired by gleaning.
निवृत्तिरुपभोगस्य गोरसानां च वै रतिः ।
स्थण्डिले शयनं योगः शाकपर्णनिषेवणम् ॥५१॥
51. nivṛttirupabhogasya gorasānāṁ ca vai ratiḥ ,
sthaṇḍile śayanaṁ yogaḥ śākaparṇaniṣevaṇam.
51. nivṛttiḥ upabhogasya gorasānām ca vai ratiḥ
sthaṇḍile śayanam yogaḥ śāka-parṇa-niṣevaṇam
51. upabhogasya nivṛttiḥ ca vai gorasānām ratiḥ
sthaṇḍile śayanam yogaḥ śāka-parṇa-niṣevaṇam
51. Cessation of worldly enjoyments, and indeed, contentment with dairy products, sleeping on bare ground as a spiritual discipline (yoga), and consuming vegetables and leaves.
फलमूलाशनं वायुरापः शैवलभक्षणम् ।
ऋषीणां नियमा ह्येते यैर्जयन्त्यजितां गतिम् ॥५२॥
52. phalamūlāśanaṁ vāyurāpaḥ śaivalabhakṣaṇam ,
ṛṣīṇāṁ niyamā hyete yairjayantyajitāṁ gatim.
52. phala-mūla-aśanam vāyuḥ āpaḥ śaivala-bhakṣaṇam
ṛṣīṇām niyamāḥ hi ete yaiḥ jayanti ajitām gatim
52. phala-mūla-aśanam vāyuḥ āpaḥ śaivala-bhakṣaṇam
ete hi ṛṣīṇām niyamāḥ yaiḥ ajitām gatim jayanti
52. Eating fruits and roots, subsisting on air and water, and consuming moss - these are indeed the disciplines (niyamāḥ) of the sages by which they achieve an unconquerable state.
विधूमे न्यस्तमुसले व्यङ्गारे भुक्तवज्जने ।
अतीतपात्रसंचारे काले विगतभैक्षके ॥५३॥
53. vidhūme nyastamusale vyaṅgāre bhuktavajjane ,
atītapātrasaṁcāre kāle vigatabhaikṣake.
53. vi-dhūme nyasta-musale vi-aṅgāre bhukta-vat-jane
atīta-pātra-sañcāre kāle vigata-bhaikṣake
53. vi-dhūme nyasta-musale vi-aṅgāre bhukta-vat-jane
atīta-pātra-sañcāre vigata-bhaikṣake kāle
53. At a time when the smoke has cleared, the pestles have been put away, the fires are without embers, people have eaten, the movement of dishes has ceased, and the customary time for alms (bhaikṣa) has passed.
अतिथिं काङ्क्षमाणो वै शेषान्नकृतभोजनः ।
सत्यधर्मरतिः क्षान्तो मुनिधर्मेण युज्यते ॥५४॥
54. atithiṁ kāṅkṣamāṇo vai śeṣānnakṛtabhojanaḥ ,
satyadharmaratiḥ kṣānto munidharmeṇa yujyate.
54. atithim kāṅkṣamāṇaḥ vai śeṣa-anna-kṛta-bhojanaḥ
satya-dharma-ratiḥ kṣāntaḥ muni-dharmeṇa yujyate
54. vai atithim kāṅkṣamāṇaḥ śeṣa-anna-kṛta-bhojanaḥ
satya-dharma-ratiḥ kṣāntaḥ muni-dharmeṇa yujyate
54. Indeed, desiring a guest, one who prepares a meal from leftover food, delighting in truth and natural law (dharma), and forgiving - such a person is endowed with the conduct of a sage (muni).
न स्तम्भी न च मानी यो न प्रमत्तो न विस्मितः ।
मित्रामित्रसमो मैत्रो यः स धर्मविदुत्तमः ॥५५॥
55. na stambhī na ca mānī yo na pramatto na vismitaḥ ,
mitrāmitrasamo maitro yaḥ sa dharmaviduttamaḥ.
55. na stambhī na ca mānī yaḥ na pramattaḥ na vismitaḥ
mitrāmitrasamaḥ maitraḥ yaḥ saḥ dharmavit uttamaḥ
55. yaḥ na stambhī ca na mānī na pramattaḥ na vismitaḥ
mitrāmitrasamaḥ maitraḥ saḥ uttamaḥ dharmavit
55. That person who is not arrogant, nor proud, not negligent, nor conceited, who is impartial towards friends and enemies, and who is benevolent, he is the best knower of the natural law (dharma).