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महाभारतः       mahābhārataḥ - book-12, chapter-229

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व्यास उवाच ।
अथ ज्ञानप्लवं धीरो गृहीत्वा शान्तिमास्थितः ।
उन्मज्जंश्च निमज्जंश्च ज्ञानमेवाभिसंश्रयेत् ॥१॥
1. vyāsa uvāca ,
atha jñānaplavaṁ dhīro gṛhītvā śāntimāsthitaḥ ,
unmajjaṁśca nimajjaṁśca jñānamevābhisaṁśrayet.
1. vyāsa uvāca atha jñānaplavam dhīraḥ gṛhītvā śāntim
āsthitaḥ unmajjan ca nimajjan ca jñānam eva abhisaṃśrayet
1. vyāsaḥ uvāca atha dhīraḥ jñānaplavam gṛhītvā śāntim
āsthitaḥ unmajjan ca nimajjan ca jñānam eva abhisaṃśrayet
1. Vyasa said: Now, a wise and steady person, having taken the boat of knowledge (jñāna) and established in peace (śānti), should seek refuge in knowledge (jñāna) alone, whether rising or sinking (in life's circumstances).
शुक उवाच ।
किं तज्ज्ञानमथो विद्या यया निस्तरति द्वयम् ।
प्रवृत्तिलक्षणो धर्मो निवृत्तिरिति चैव हि ॥२॥
2. śuka uvāca ,
kiṁ tajjñānamatho vidyā yayā nistarati dvayam ,
pravṛttilakṣaṇo dharmo nivṛttiriti caiva hi.
2. śuka uvāca kim tat jñānam atho vidyā yayā nistarati
dvayam pravṛttilakṣaṇaḥ dharmaḥ nivṛttiḥ iti ca eva hi
2. śukaḥ uvāca kim tat jñānam atho vidyā yayā dvayam
nistarati pravṛttilakṣaṇaḥ dharmaḥ nivṛttiḥ iti ca eva hi
2. Shuka said: What is that knowledge (jñāna), or rather, wisdom (vidyā), by which one transcends duality? (Specifically), the intrinsic nature (dharma) which is characterized by engagement (pravṛtti) and disengagement (nivṛtti).
व्यास उवाच ।
यस्तु पश्येत्स्वभावेन विना भावमचेतनः ।
पुष्यते च पुनः सर्वान्प्रज्ञया मुक्तहेतुकः ॥३॥
3. vyāsa uvāca ,
yastu paśyetsvabhāvena vinā bhāvamacetanaḥ ,
puṣyate ca punaḥ sarvānprajñayā muktahetukaḥ.
3. vyāsa uvāca yaḥ tu paśyet svabhāvena vinā bhāvam
acetanaḥ puṣyate ca punaḥ sarvān prajñayā muktahetukaḥ
3. vyāsaḥ uvāca yaḥ tu svabhāvena vinā acetanaḥ bhāvam
paśyet ca punaḥ muktahetukaḥ prajñayā sarvān puṣyate
3. Vyasa said: But he who perceives the essence of being (bhāva) without his own intrinsic nature (svabhāva), remaining in a state beyond ordinary consciousness (acetana), and who, having liberation (mokṣa) as his motivation, subsequently nourishes all beings through spiritual wisdom (prajñā).
येषां चैकान्तभावेन स्वभावः कारणं मतम् ।
पूत्वा तृणबुसीकां वै ते लभन्ते न किंचन ॥४॥
4. yeṣāṁ caikāntabhāvena svabhāvaḥ kāraṇaṁ matam ,
pūtvā tṛṇabusīkāṁ vai te labhante na kiṁcana.
4. yeṣām ca ekāntabhāvena svabhāvaḥ kāraṇam matam
pūtvā tṛṇabusīkām vai te labhante na kiñcana
4. ca yeṣām ekāntabhāvena svabhāvaḥ kāraṇam matam,
te tṛṇabusīkām pūtvā vai kiñcana na labhante.
4. And for those for whom their intrinsic nature (svabhāva) is considered the sole cause – by treating even mere straw and chaff as pure – they certainly obtain nothing whatsoever.
ये चैनं पक्षमाश्रित्य वर्तयन्त्यल्पचेतसः ।
स्वभावं कारणं ज्ञात्वा न श्रेयः प्राप्नुवन्ति ते ॥५॥
5. ye cainaṁ pakṣamāśritya vartayantyalpacetasaḥ ,
svabhāvaṁ kāraṇaṁ jñātvā na śreyaḥ prāpnuvanti te.
5. ye ca enam pakṣam āśritya vartayanti alpacetasaḥ
svabhāvam kāraṇam jñātvā na śreyaḥ prāpnuvanti te
5. ca ye alpacetasaḥ enam pakṣam āśritya svabhāvam kāraṇam jñātvā vartayanti,
te śreyaḥ na prāpnuvanti.
5. And those small-minded individuals (alpacetas) who, adopting this doctrine and believing intrinsic nature (svabhāva) to be the cause, act accordingly, they do not attain the highest good (śreyas).
स्वभावो हि विनाशाय मोहकर्ममनोभवः ।
निरुक्तमेतयोरेतत्स्वभावपरभावयोः ॥६॥
6. svabhāvo hi vināśāya mohakarmamanobhavaḥ ,
niruktametayoretatsvabhāvaparabhāvayoḥ.
6. svabhāvaḥ hi vināśāya mohakarmamanobhavaḥ
niruktam etayoḥ etat svabhāvaparabhāvayoḥ
6. hi mohakarmamanobhavaḥ svabhāvaḥ vināśāya.
etat etayoḥ svabhāvaparabhāvayoḥ niruktam.
6. Indeed, the intrinsic nature (svabhāva) which arises from delusion (moha), actions (karma), and the mind, leads to destruction. This is the definition of these two: intrinsic nature (svabhāva) and the higher nature (parabhāva).
कृष्यादीनि हि कर्माणि सस्यसंहरणानि च ।
प्रज्ञावद्भिः प्रकॢप्तानि यानासनगृहाणि च ॥७॥
7. kṛṣyādīni hi karmāṇi sasyasaṁharaṇāni ca ,
prajñāvadbhiḥ prakḷptāni yānāsanagṛhāṇi ca.
7. kṛṣyādīni hi karmāṇi sasyasaṃharaṇāni ca
prajñāvadbhiḥ prakḷptāni yānāsanagṛhāṇi ca
7. hi kṛṣyādīni karmāṇi,
ca sasyasaṃharaṇāni,
ca yānāsanagṛhāṇi prajñāvadbhiḥ prakḷptāni.
7. Indeed, activities such as agriculture and the gathering of crops, as well as vehicles, seats, and houses, are all expertly planned (prakḷpta) by intelligent individuals.
आक्रीडानां गृहाणां च गदानामगदस्य च ।
प्रज्ञावन्तः प्रवक्तारो ज्ञानवद्भिरनुष्ठिताः ॥८॥
8. ākrīḍānāṁ gṛhāṇāṁ ca gadānāmagadasya ca ,
prajñāvantaḥ pravaktāro jñānavadbhiranuṣṭhitāḥ.
8. ākrīḍānām gṛhāṇām ca gadānām agadasya ca
prajñāvantaḥ pravaktāraḥ jñānavadbhiḥ anuṣṭhitāḥ
8. prajñāvantaḥ pravaktāraḥ jñānavadbhiḥ anuṣṭhitāḥ
ākrīḍānām gṛhāṇām ca gadānām agadasya ca
8. Those who are endowed with wisdom (prajñā) are the expounders concerning places of recreation and homes, and regarding diseases and their remedies; they are esteemed by those possessing knowledge (jñāna).
प्रज्ञा संयोजयत्यर्थैः प्रज्ञा श्रेयोऽधिगच्छति ।
राजानो भुञ्जते राज्यं प्रज्ञया तुल्यलक्षणाः ॥९॥
9. prajñā saṁyojayatyarthaiḥ prajñā śreyo'dhigacchati ,
rājāno bhuñjate rājyaṁ prajñayā tulyalakṣaṇāḥ.
9. prajñā saṃyojayati arthaiḥ prajñā śreyaḥ adhigacchati
rājānaḥ bhuñjate rājyam prajñayā tulyalakṣaṇāḥ
9. prajñā arthaiḥ saṃyojayati prajñā śreyaḥ adhigacchati
rājānaḥ prajñayā tulyalakṣaṇāḥ rājyam bhuñjate
9. Wisdom (prajñā) connects a person with their objectives, and wisdom (prajñā) attains the ultimate good. Kings, who are characterized by such wisdom, govern their kingdoms.
पारावर्यं तु भूतानां ज्ञानेनैवोपलभ्यते ।
विद्यया तात सृष्टानां विद्यैव परमा गतिः ॥१०॥
10. pārāvaryaṁ tu bhūtānāṁ jñānenaivopalabhyate ,
vidyayā tāta sṛṣṭānāṁ vidyaiva paramā gatiḥ.
10. pārāvaryaṃ tu bhūtānām jñānena eva upalabhyate
vidyayā tāta sṛṣṭānām vidyā eva paramā gatiḥ
10. bhūtānām pārāvaryaṃ tu jñānena eva upalabhyate
tāta sṛṣṭānām vidyā eva paramā gatiḥ
10. Indeed, the hierarchy (or relative position) of beings (bhūta) is understood only by means of knowledge (jñāna). O dear one, for all created beings, knowledge (vidyā) alone is the supreme goal (gati).
भूतानां जन्म सर्वेषां विविधानां चतुर्विधम् ।
जराय्वण्डमथोद्भेदं स्वेदं चाप्युपलक्षयेत् ॥११॥
11. bhūtānāṁ janma sarveṣāṁ vividhānāṁ caturvidham ,
jarāyvaṇḍamathodbhedaṁ svedaṁ cāpyupalakṣayet.
11. bhūtānām janma sarveṣām vividhānām caturvidham
jarāyu aṇḍam atha udbhedam svedam ca api upalakṣayet
11. sarveṣām vividhānām bhūtānām janma caturvidham
jarāyu aṇḍam atha udbhedam svedam ca api upalakṣayet
11. One should recognize that the birth of all various beings (bhūta) is fourfold: viviparous (born from a womb), oviparous (egg-born), then sprout-born (emerging from the earth), and also sweat-born (generated from heat and moisture).
स्थावरेभ्यो विशिष्टानि जङ्गमान्युपलक्षयेत् ।
उपपन्नं हि यच्चेष्टा विशिष्येत विशेष्ययोः ॥१२॥
12. sthāvarebhyo viśiṣṭāni jaṅgamānyupalakṣayet ,
upapannaṁ hi yacceṣṭā viśiṣyeta viśeṣyayoḥ.
12. sthāvarebhyaḥ viśiṣṭāni jaṅgamāni upalakṣayet
| upapannam hi yat ceṣṭā viśiṣyeta višeṣyayoḥ
12. sthāvarebhyaḥ jaṅgamāni viśiṣṭāni upalakṣayet hi yat
ceṣṭā višeṣyayoḥ viśiṣyeta (iti) upapannam (asti)
12. One should observe that movable beings are superior to immovable ones. This is indeed appropriate, because the activity of the movables is superior when distinguishing between these two categories.
आहुर्द्विबहुपादानि जङ्गमानि द्वयानि च ।
बहुपाद्भ्यो विशिष्टानि द्विपादानि बहून्यपि ॥१३॥
13. āhurdvibahupādāni jaṅgamāni dvayāni ca ,
bahupādbhyo viśiṣṭāni dvipādāni bahūnyapi.
13. āhuḥ dvi-bahu-pādāni jaṅgamāni dvayāni ca |
bahu-pādbhyaḥ viśiṣṭāni dvi-pādāni bahūni api
13. (te) jaṅgamāni dvi-bahu-pādāni dvayāni ca āhuḥ api
bahūni dvi-pādāni bahu-pādbhyaḥ viśiṣṭāni (bhavanti)
13. They declare that movable beings are of two kinds: two-footed and many-footed. Among these, the two-footed beings are superior to the many-footed ones, even when they are numerous.
द्विपदानि द्वयान्याहुः पार्थिवानीतराणि च ।
पार्थिवानि विशिष्टानि तानि ह्यन्नानि भुञ्जते ॥१४॥
14. dvipadāni dvayānyāhuḥ pārthivānītarāṇi ca ,
pārthivāni viśiṣṭāni tāni hyannāni bhuñjate.
14. dvi-padāni dvayāni āhuḥ pārthivāni itarāṇi ca
| pārthivāni viśiṣṭāni tāni hi annāni bhuñjate
14. (te) dvi-padāni pārthivāni itarāṇi ca dvayāni āhuḥ hi tāni
annāni bhuñjate (ataḥ) pārthivāni viśiṣṭāni (bhavanti)
14. They declare that two-footed beings are of two kinds: earthly (humans) and others. The earthly ones are superior, because they consume cultivated foods.
पार्थिवानि द्वयान्याहुर्मध्यमान्युत्तमानि च ।
मध्यमानि विशिष्टानि जातिधर्मोपधारणात् ॥१५॥
15. pārthivāni dvayānyāhurmadhyamānyuttamāni ca ,
madhyamāni viśiṣṭāni jātidharmopadhāraṇāt.
15. pārthivāni dvayāni āhuḥ madhyamāni uttamāni ca
| madhyamāni viśiṣṭāni jāti-dharma-upadhāraṇāt
15. (te) pārthivāni madhyamāni uttamāni ca dvayāni āhuḥ
jāti-dharma-upadhāraṇāt madhyamāni viśiṣṭāni (bhavanti)
15. They declare that earthly beings (humans) are of two kinds: middling and best. The middling ones are considered superior because of their adherence to the intrinsic nature (dharma) of their birth-group.
मध्यमानि द्वयान्याहुर्धर्मज्ञानीतराणि च ।
धर्मज्ञानि विशिष्टानि कार्याकार्योपधारणात् ॥१६॥
16. madhyamāni dvayānyāhurdharmajñānītarāṇi ca ,
dharmajñāni viśiṣṭāni kāryākāryopadhāraṇāt.
16. madhyamāni dvayāni āhuḥ dharmajñāni itarāṇi ca
| dharmajñāni viśiṣṭāni kāryākāryopadhāraṇāt
16. āhuḥ dvayāni dharmajñāni itarāṇi ca madhyamāni
dharmajñāni kāryākāryopadhāraṇāt viśiṣṭāni
16. They declare that there are two categories: those who understand natural law (dharma) and others who are of middling understanding. Those who understand natural law (dharma) are considered superior because of their ability to discern what is proper action and what is not proper action.
धर्मज्ञानि द्वयान्याहुर्वेदज्ञानीतराणि च ।
वेदज्ञानि विशिष्टानि वेदो ह्येषु प्रतिष्ठितः ॥१७॥
17. dharmajñāni dvayānyāhurvedajñānītarāṇi ca ,
vedajñāni viśiṣṭāni vedo hyeṣu pratiṣṭhitaḥ.
17. dharmajñāni dvayāni āhuḥ vedajñāni itarāṇi ca
| vedajñāni viśiṣṭāni vedaḥ hi eṣu pratiṣṭhitaḥ
17. āhuḥ dharmajñāni dvayāni vedajñāni ca itarāṇi
vedajñāni viśiṣṭāni hi vedaḥ eṣu pratiṣṭhitaḥ
17. They declare that among those who understand natural law (dharma), there are two categories: those who know the Vedas and others. Those who know the Vedas are considered superior because the Veda is indeed firmly established in them.
वेदज्ञानि द्वयान्याहुः प्रवक्तॄणीतराणि च ।
प्रवक्तॄणि विशिष्टानि सर्वधर्मोपधारणात् ॥१८॥
18. vedajñāni dvayānyāhuḥ pravaktṝṇītarāṇi ca ,
pravaktṝṇi viśiṣṭāni sarvadharmopadhāraṇāt.
18. vedajñāni dvayāni āhuḥ pravaktṝṇi itarāṇi ca
| pravaktṝṇi viśiṣṭāni sarvadharmopadhāraṇāt
18. āhuḥ vedajñāni dvayāni pravaktṝṇi ca itarāṇi
pravaktṝṇi sarvadharmopadhāraṇāt viśiṣṭāni
18. They declare that among those who know the Vedas, there are two categories: those who are expounders (pravaktṛ) and others. The expounders (pravaktṛ) are considered superior because of their profound understanding of all aspects of natural law (dharma).
विज्ञायन्ते हि यैर्वेदाः सर्वधर्मक्रियाफलाः ।
सयज्ञाः सखिला वेदाः प्रवक्तृभ्यो विनिःसृताः ॥१९॥
19. vijñāyante hi yairvedāḥ sarvadharmakriyāphalāḥ ,
sayajñāḥ sakhilā vedāḥ pravaktṛbhyo viniḥsṛtāḥ.
19. vijñāyante hi yaiḥ vedāḥ sarvadharmakriyāphalāḥ |
sayajñāḥ sakhilāḥ vedāḥ pravaktṛbhyaḥ viniḥsṛtāḥ
19. hi yaiḥ vedāḥ sarvadharmakriyāphalāḥ vijñāyante
vedāḥ sayajñāḥ sakhilāḥ pravaktṛbhyaḥ viniḥsṛtāḥ
19. Indeed, it is through these (expounders) that the Vedas, which encompass the fruits of all natural laws (dharma) and actions, become fully understood. These Vedas, complete with their Vedic rituals (yajña) and appendices, have emanated from these expounders (pravaktṛ).
प्रवक्तॄणि द्वयान्याहुरात्मज्ञानीतराणि च ।
आत्मज्ञानि विशिष्टानि जन्माजन्मोपधारणात् ॥२०॥
20. pravaktṝṇi dvayānyāhurātmajñānītarāṇi ca ,
ātmajñāni viśiṣṭāni janmājanmopadhāraṇāt.
20. pravaktṝṇi dvayāni āhuḥ ātmajñāni itarāṇi
ca ātmajñāni viśiṣṭāni janmājanmopadhāraṇāt
20. pravaktṝṇi dvayāni āhuḥ ātmajñāni ca itarāṇi
ca ātmajñāni janmājanmopadhāraṇāt viśiṣṭāni
20. They declare there are two types of expounders: those who possess knowledge of the self (ātman) and others. Among these, those who know the self (ātman) are considered superior due to their comprehension of the cycle of birth and rebirth (saṃsāra) and liberation (mokṣa).
धर्मद्वयं हि यो वेद स सर्वः सर्वधर्मविद् ।
स त्यागी सत्यसंकल्पः स तु क्षान्तः स ईश्वरः ॥२१॥
21. dharmadvayaṁ hi yo veda sa sarvaḥ sarvadharmavid ,
sa tyāgī satyasaṁkalpaḥ sa tu kṣāntaḥ sa īśvaraḥ.
21. dharmadvayam hi yaḥ veda saḥ sarvaḥ sarvadharmavid
saḥ tyāgī satyasaṅkalpaḥ saḥ tu kṣāntaḥ saḥ īśvaraḥ
21. yaḥ dharmadvayam hi veda,
saḥ sarvaḥ sarvadharmavid saḥ tyāgī satyasaṅkalpaḥ saḥ tu kṣāntaḥ saḥ īśvaraḥ
21. Indeed, whoever understands the two fundamental aspects of universal law (dharma) is truly complete and a knower of all principles of order (dharma). Such a person is a renunciant (tyāgī), whose intentions are always true, and furthermore, he is patient; he is indeed the supreme master (īśvaraḥ).
धर्मज्ञानप्रतिष्ठं हि तं देवा ब्राह्मणं विदुः ।
शब्दब्रह्मणि निष्णातं परे च कृतनिश्चयम् ॥२२॥
22. dharmajñānapratiṣṭhaṁ hi taṁ devā brāhmaṇaṁ viduḥ ,
śabdabrahmaṇi niṣṇātaṁ pare ca kṛtaniścayam.
22. dharmajñānapratiṣṭham hi tam devāḥ brāhmaṇam
viduḥ śabdabrahmaṇi niṣṇātam pare ca kṛtaniścayam
22. devāḥ hi tam brāhmaṇam viduḥ śabdabrahmaṇi niṣṇātam
ca pare kṛtaniścayam dharmajñānapratiṣṭham
22. Indeed, the gods recognize that person as a true Brahmin who is firmly established in the knowledge of universal law (dharma), proficient in the sacred texts (śabdabrahman - Brahman as sound), and whose conviction in the Supreme Reality (Brahman) is absolute.
अन्तःस्थं च बहिष्ठं च येऽऽधियज्ञाधिदैवतम् ।
जानन्ति तान्नमस्यामस्ते देवास्तात ते द्विजाः ॥२३॥
23. antaḥsthaṁ ca bahiṣṭhaṁ ca ye''dhiyajñādhidaivatam ,
jānanti tānnamasyāmaste devāstāta te dvijāḥ.
23. antaḥstham ca bahiṣṭham ca ye ādhiyajñādhidaivatam
jānanti tān namasyāmaḥ te devāḥ tāta te dvijāḥ
23. ye antaḥstham ca bahiṣṭham ca ādhiyajñādhidaivatam jānanti,
tān namasyāmaḥ.
tāta,
te devāḥ te dvijāḥ
23. We bow down to those who truly comprehend that Supreme Being who resides both within and outside, and who is indeed the Lord of sacrifice (ādhiyajña) and the presiding deity over all divine beings (adhidaivata). O dear one, such individuals are truly gods, they are the true 'twice-born' (dvija).
तेषु विश्वमिदं भूतं साग्रं च जगदाहितम् ।
तेषां माहात्म्यभावस्य सदृशं नास्ति किंचन ॥२४॥
24. teṣu viśvamidaṁ bhūtaṁ sāgraṁ ca jagadāhitam ,
teṣāṁ māhātmyabhāvasya sadṛśaṁ nāsti kiṁcana.
24. teṣu viśvam idam bhūtam sāgram ca jagat āhitam
teṣām māhātmyabhāvasya sadṛśam na asti kiṃcana
24. teṣu idam viśvam sāgram ca jagat bhūtam āhitam
teṣām māhātmyabhāvasya sadṛśam kiṃcana na asti
24. This entire universe, including its primordial form, and the whole world are contained within them. There is nothing whatsoever comparable to the nature of their immense glory.
आदिं ते निधनं चैव कर्म चातीत्य सर्वशः ।
चतुर्विधस्य भूतस्य सर्वस्येशाः स्वयंभुवः ॥२५॥
25. ādiṁ te nidhanaṁ caiva karma cātītya sarvaśaḥ ,
caturvidhasya bhūtasya sarvasyeśāḥ svayaṁbhuvaḥ.
25. ādim te nidhanam ca eva karma ca atītya sarvaśaḥ
caturvidhasya bhūtasya sarvasya īśāḥ svayambhuvaḥ
25. te ādim ca nidhanam ca eva karma sarvaśaḥ atītya
caturvidhasya sarvasya bhūtasya svayambhuvaḥ īśāḥ
25. They truly transcend the beginning, the end, and all action (karma) in every respect. They are the self-existent lords of all four types of beings.