मनु-स्मृतिः
manu-smṛtiḥ
-
chapter-9, verse-224
द्यूतं समाह्वयं चैव यः कुर्यात कारयेत वा ।
तान सर्वान घातयेद राजा शूद्रांश्च द्विजलिङ्गिनः ॥२२४॥
तान सर्वान घातयेद राजा शूद्रांश्च द्विजलिङ्गिनः ॥२२४॥
224. dyūtaṁ samāhvayaṁ caiva yaḥ kuryāt kārayeta vā ,
tān sarvān ghātayed rājā śūdrāṁśca dvijaliṅginaḥ.
tān sarvān ghātayed rājā śūdrāṁśca dvijaliṅginaḥ.
224.
dyūtam samāhvayam ca eva yaḥ kuryāt kārayet vā
tān sarvān ghātayet rājā śūdrān ca dvijaliṅginaḥ
tān sarvān ghātayet rājā śūdrān ca dvijaliṅginaḥ
224.
यः द्यूतम् च समाह्वयम् एव कुर्यात वा कारयेत,
राजा तान् सर्वान् शूद्रान् च द्विजलिङ्गिनः घातयेत
राजा तान् सर्वान् शूद्रान् च द्विजलिङ्गिनः घातयेत
224.
Whoever engages in gambling (dyūta) and challenging (samāhvaya), or causes them to be performed, the king should execute all such individuals, including śūdras who merely adopt the garb of the twice-born (dvija).
Words meanings summery:
(Scroll down for elaborated words morphology)
- द्यूतम् (dyūtam) - gambling (gambling, game of dice)
- समाह्वयम् (samāhvayam) - challenging (challenge, wager, game with living things)
- च (ca) - and
- एव (eva) - indeed (only, just, indeed, precisely)
- यः (yaḥ) - whoever (who, whoever)
- कुर्यात् (kuryāt) - engages in, performs (should do, perform, make)
- कारयेत् (kārayet) - causes to be performed (should cause to do, incite)
- वा (vā) - or
- तान् (tān) - all such individuals (the offenders) (them)
- सर्वान् (sarvān) - all (such individuals) (all, every)
- घातयेत् (ghātayet) - should execute (should cause to kill, execute)
- राजा (rājā) - king
- शूद्रान् (śūdrān) - śūdras (śūdras (members of the fourth social class))
- च (ca) - and (also) (and)
- द्विजलिङ्गिनः (dvijaliṅginaḥ) - those adopting the garb/insignia of the twice-born (dvija) (those bearing the mark/sign of a dvija)
Words meanings and morphology
द्यूतम् (dyūtam) - gambling (gambling, game of dice)
(noun)
Accusative, neuter, singular of dyūta
dyūta - gambling, game of dice, play
from div + kta
Root: div (class 4)
Note: Object of kuryāt/kārayet.
समाह्वयम् (samāhvayam) - challenging (challenge, wager, game with living things)
(noun)
Accusative, masculine, singular of samāhvaya
samāhvaya - challenge, wager, a game involving living creatures (like cock-fighting)
action noun
from sam-ā-hvā + ghAÑ
Prefixes: sam+ā
Root: hvā (class 1)
Note: Object of kuryāt/kārayet.
च (ca) - and
(indeclinable)
Note: Connects dyūtam and samāhvayam.
एव (eva) - indeed (only, just, indeed, precisely)
(indeclinable)
Note: Emphasizes the preceding words.
यः (yaḥ) - whoever (who, whoever)
(pronoun)
Nominative, masculine, singular of yad
yad - who, which, what
Note: Subject of the conditional clause.
कुर्यात् (kuryāt) - engages in, performs (should do, perform, make)
(verb)
3rd person , singular, active, optative (vidhiliṅ) of kṛ
Root: kṛ (class 8)
Note: Expresses possibility or injunction.
कारयेत् (kārayet) - causes to be performed (should cause to do, incite)
(verb)
3rd person , singular, active, optative (vidhiliṅ) of kṛ
causative
from kṛ + ṇic + optative
Root: kṛ (class 8)
Note: Causative verb.
वा (vā) - or
(indeclinable)
Note: Connects kuryāt and kārayet.
तान् (tān) - all such individuals (the offenders) (them)
(pronoun)
Accusative, masculine, plural of tad
tad - that, he, she, it
Note: Object of ghātayet, refers back to yaḥ.
सर्वान् (sarvān) - all (such individuals) (all, every)
(pronoun)
Accusative, masculine, plural of sarva
sarva - all, every, whole, complete
Note: Adjective modifying tān.
घातयेत् (ghātayet) - should execute (should cause to kill, execute)
(verb)
3rd person , singular, active, optative (vidhiliṅ) of han
causative
from han + ṇic + optative
Root: han (class 2)
Note: Main verb of the sentence.
राजा (rājā) - king
(noun)
Nominative, masculine, singular of rājan
rājan - king, ruler, sovereign
Note: Subject of ghātayet.
शूद्रान् (śūdrān) - śūdras (śūdras (members of the fourth social class))
(noun)
Accusative, masculine, plural of śūdra
śūdra - a member of the fourth social class in traditional India
Note: Object of ghātayet, in apposition to tān sarvān.
च (ca) - and (also) (and)
(indeclinable)
Note: Connects śūdrān and dvijaliṅginaḥ.
द्विजलिङ्गिनः (dvijaliṅginaḥ) - those adopting the garb/insignia of the twice-born (dvija) (those bearing the mark/sign of a dvija)
(adjective)
Accusative, masculine, plural of dvijaliṅgin
dvijaliṅgin - wearing the marks of a dvija, pretending to be a dvija
possessive suffix -in
Compound type : tatpuruṣa (dvija+liṅga)
- dvija – twice-born, Brahmin, Kshatriya, Vaishya, bird, tooth
noun (masculine)
from dvi (two) + jan (born) - liṅga – mark, sign, characteristic, symbol, gender
noun (neuter)
Note: Modifies śūdrān, or refers to a separate group of offenders in apposition to tān sarvān.