महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-1, chapter-2, verse-198

आपद्धर्माश्च तत्रैव कालहेतुप्रदर्शकाः ।
यान्बुद्ध्वा पुरुषः सम्यक्सर्वज्ञत्वमवाप्नुयात् ।
मोक्षधर्माश्च कथिता विचित्रा बहुविस्तराः ॥१९८॥

198. āpaddharmāśca tatraiva kālahetupradarśakāḥ ,
yānbuddhvā puruṣaḥ samyaksarvajñatvamavāpnuyāt ,
mokṣadharmāśca kathitā vicitrā bahuvistarāḥ.

198. āpaddharmāḥ ca tatra eva kālahetupradarśakāḥ
yān buddhvā puruṣaḥ samyak
sarvajñatvam avāpnuyāt mokṣadharmāḥ
ca kathitāḥ vicitrāḥ bahuvistarāḥ

198. In that very section, the duties for times of distress are described, which reveal the nature of time and its causes. By understanding these thoroughly, a person can attain omniscience. Also described are the diverse and very extensive principles leading to liberation.

Words meanings summery:

• आपद्धर्माः (āpaddharmāḥ) - duties relevant during times of distress (duties in calamity)

• च (ca) - and (and, also)

• तत्र (tatra) - in that section (of the text) (there, in that place)

• एव (eva) - just there, in that very section (indeed, only, just)

• कालहेतुप्रदर्शकाः (kālahetupradarśakāḥ) - revealing the causes and nature of circumstances (showing the causes of time)

• यान् (yān) - referring to the 'duties' (dharmāḥ) (which (plural masculine accusative))

• बुद्ध्वा (buddhvā) - after understanding these principles (having understood, having known)

• पुरुषः (puruṣaḥ) - an individual (person, man, soul)

• सम्यक् (samyak) - thoroughly, comprehensively (properly, completely, fully)

• सर्वज्ञत्वम् (sarvajñatvam) - the state of being all-knowing (omniscience, state of knowing everything)

• अवाप्नुयात् (avāpnuyāt) - would achieve (would obtain, may attain)

• मोक्षधर्माः (mokṣadharmāḥ) - spiritual principles leading to final liberation (principles of liberation, duties related to salvation)

• च (ca) - and (and, also)

• कथिताः (kathitāḥ) - presented, expounded (described, told, spoken)

• विचित्राः (vicitrāḥ) - manifold, diverse (various, diverse, wonderful)

• बहुविस्तराः (bahuvistarāḥ) - greatly detailed and widespread (very extensive, elaborate)

Words meanings and morphology

आपद्धर्माः (āpaddharmāḥ) - duties relevant during times of distress (duties in calamity)

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, plural of āpaddharma

āpaddharma - dharma (duty, law) in times of āpad (distress, calamity)

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (āpad+dharma)

• āpad – calamity, distress, misfortune
  noun (feminine)
• dharma – duty, righteousness, law, virtue
  noun (masculine)
  Root: dhṛ (class 1)

च (ca) - and (and, also)

(indeclinable)

तत्र (tatra) - in that section (of the text) (there, in that place)

(indeclinable)

एव (eva) - just there, in that very section (indeed, only, just)

(indeclinable)

कालहेतुप्रदर्शकाः (kālahetupradarśakāḥ) - revealing the causes and nature of circumstances (showing the causes of time)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, plural of kālahetupradarśaka

kālahetupradarśaka - one who shows the cause of time/circumstances

agent noun

from 'dṛś' (to see) with 'pra', then -aka suffix

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (kālahetu+pradarśaka)

• kālahetu – cause of time
  noun (masculine)
• pradarśaka – one who shows, indicator, revealer
  adjective (masculine)
  agent noun
  from 'dṛś' with 'pra' + -aka
  Prefix: pra
  Root: dṛś (class 1)

यान् (yān) - referring to the 'duties' (dharmāḥ) (which (plural masculine accusative))

(pronoun)

Accusative, masculine, plural of yad

yad - which, what

बुद्ध्वा (buddhvā) - after understanding these principles (having understood, having known)

(indeclinable)

absolutive

formed with -tvā suffix

Root: budh (class 1)

पुरुषः (puruṣaḥ) - an individual (person, man, soul)

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of puruṣa

puruṣa - man, male, person, spirit, soul

सम्यक् (samyak) - thoroughly, comprehensively (properly, completely, fully)

(indeclinable)

सर्वज्ञत्वम् (sarvajñatvam) - the state of being all-knowing (omniscience, state of knowing everything)

(noun)

Accusative, neuter, singular of sarvajñatva

sarvajñatva - omniscience, all-knowingness

from 'sarvajña' + -tva (abstract noun suffix)

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (sarvajña+tva)

• sarvajña – all-knowing, omniscient
  adjective (masculine)
  agent noun
  from 'sarva' + 'jña' (knower)
  Root: jñā (class 9)
• tva – suffix forming abstract nouns, -ness, -hood
  suffix (neuter)

अवाप्नुयात् (avāpnuyāt) - would achieve (would obtain, may attain)

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, optative (vidhiliṅ) of āp

optative mood

from 'āp' with 'ava' (though 'āp' already implies 'reaching', 'ava' here might be for emphasis or standard usage)

Prefix: ava

Root: āp (class 5)

Note: The prefix 'ava' is often added to āp to form avāp, meaning 'to obtain'.

मोक्षधर्माः (mokṣadharmāḥ) - spiritual principles leading to final liberation (principles of liberation, duties related to salvation)

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, plural of mokṣadharma

mokṣadharma - duty or principle of liberation

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (mokṣa+dharma)

• mokṣa – liberation, salvation, freedom
  noun (masculine)
  action noun
  from 'muc' + -sa
  Root: muc (class 6)
• dharma – duty, righteousness, law, virtue
  noun (masculine)
  Root: dhṛ (class 1)

च (ca) - and (and, also)

(indeclinable)

कथिताः (kathitāḥ) - presented, expounded (described, told, spoken)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, plural of kathita

kath - to tell, speak, describe

past passive participle

from 'kath' + -ta suffix

Root: kath (class 10)

Note: Agrees with 'dharmāḥ'.

विचित्राः (vicitrāḥ) - manifold, diverse (various, diverse, wonderful)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, plural of vicitra

vicitra - variegated, diverse, wonderful, strange, beautiful

Prefix: vi

Root: citr

Note: Agrees with 'dharmāḥ'.

बहुविस्तराः (bahuvistarāḥ) - greatly detailed and widespread (very extensive, elaborate)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, plural of bahuvistara

bahuvistara - very extensive, manifold, greatly expanded

Compound of 'bahu' (many, much) and 'vistara' (expansion, elaboration).

Compound type : karmadhāraya (bahu+vistara)

• bahu – much, many, numerous
  adjective (masculine)
• vistara – extension, expanse, detail, elaboration
  noun (masculine)
  action noun
  from 'stṛ' with 'vi'
  Prefix: vi
  Root: stṛ (class 5)

Note: Agrees with 'dharmāḥ'.