मनु-स्मृतिः
manu-smṛtiḥ
-
chapter-11, verse-34
क्षत्रियो बाहुवीर्येण तरेदापदमात्मनः ।
धनेन वैश्यशूद्रौ तु जपहोमैर्द्विजोत्तमः ॥३४॥
धनेन वैश्यशूद्रौ तु जपहोमैर्द्विजोत्तमः ॥३४॥
34. kṣatriyo bāhuvīryeṇa taredāpadamātmanaḥ ,
dhanena vaiśyaśūdrau tu japahomairdvijottamaḥ.
dhanena vaiśyaśūdrau tu japahomairdvijottamaḥ.
34.
kṣatriyaḥ bāhuvīryeṇa taret āpadam ātmanaḥ
dhanena vaiśyaśūdrau tu japahomaiḥ dvijottamaḥ
dhanena vaiśyaśūdrau tu japahomaiḥ dvijottamaḥ
34.
A kshatriya should overcome his own danger by the strength of his arms. A vaishya and a shudra, however, should do so by means of wealth, while a supreme brahmin (dvijottama) should do so through sacred chanting (japa) and fire rituals (homa).
Words meanings summery:
(Scroll down for elaborated words morphology)
- क्षत्रियः (kṣatriyaḥ) - a kshatriya, a member of the warrior class
- बाहुवीर्येण (bāhuvīryeṇa) - by the strength of arms, by physical prowess
- तरेत् (taret) - should cross, should overcome
- आपदम् (āpadam) - danger, calamity, misfortune
- आत्मनः (ātmanaḥ) - of himself (of oneself, one's own)
- धनेन (dhanena) - by wealth, by riches
- वैश्यशूद्रौ (vaiśyaśūdrau) - a vaishya and a shudra (dual)
- तु (tu) - but, on the other hand, however
- जपहोमैः (japahomaiḥ) - by chanting and fire rituals
- द्विजोत्तमः (dvijottamaḥ) - the best of the twice-born, a supreme brahmin
Words meanings and morphology
क्षत्रियः (kṣatriyaḥ) - a kshatriya, a member of the warrior class
(noun)
Nominative, masculine, singular of kṣatriya
kṣatriya - a kshatriya, a warrior
Root: kṣi
Note: Subject.
बाहुवीर्येण (bāhuvīryeṇa) - by the strength of arms, by physical prowess
(noun)
Instrumental, neuter, singular of bāhuvīrya
bāhuvīrya - strength of arms, physical prowess
Compound of bāhu + vīrya
Compound type : tatpuruṣa (bāhu+vīrya)
- bāhu – arm
noun (masculine) - vīrya – power, strength, valor
noun (neuter)
Root: vīr
Note: Means of overcoming.
तरेत् (taret) - should cross, should overcome
(verb)
3rd person , singular, active, optative (vidhiliṅ) of tṛ
Root: tṛ (class 1)
आपदम् (āpadam) - danger, calamity, misfortune
(noun)
Accusative, feminine, singular of āpad
āpad - danger, calamity, misfortune
From prefix ā + √pad (to go, fall), feminine noun.
Prefix: ā
Root: pad (class 4)
आत्मनः (ātmanaḥ) - of himself (of oneself, one's own)
(noun)
Genitive, masculine, singular of ātman
ātman - self, soul, spirit
Root: an (class 2)
Note: Refers to the kṣatriya's own danger.
धनेन (dhanena) - by wealth, by riches
(noun)
Instrumental, neuter, singular of dhana
dhana - wealth, riches, property
Root: dhā (class 3)
Note: Means of overcoming for vaiśyaśūdrau.
वैश्यशूद्रौ (vaiśyaśūdrau) - a vaishya and a shudra (dual)
(noun)
Nominative, masculine, dual of vaiśyaśūdra
vaiśyaśūdra - vaishya and shudra
Dvandva compound of vaiśya + śūdra
Compound type : dvandva (vaiśya+śūdra)
- vaiśya – a member of the merchant/farmer class
noun (masculine)
Root: viś - śūdra – a member of the laboring class
noun (masculine)
Note: Subject of an implied 'taret'.
तु (tu) - but, on the other hand, however
(indeclinable)
जपहोमैः (japahomaiḥ) - by chanting and fire rituals
(noun)
Instrumental, masculine, plural of japahoma
japahoma - chanting and fire ritual
Dvandva compound of japa + homa.
Compound type : dvandva (japa+homa)
- japa – chanting, muttering prayers
noun (masculine)
From √jap (to murmur).
Root: jap (class 1) - homa – fire ritual, oblation into fire
noun (masculine)
From √hu (to offer into fire).
Root: hu (class 3)
Note: Means of overcoming for dvijottamaḥ.
द्विजोत्तमः (dvijottamaḥ) - the best of the twice-born, a supreme brahmin
(noun)
Nominative, masculine, singular of dvijottama
dvijottama - best of the twice-born, supreme brahmin
Tatpuruṣa compound of dvija + uttama (supreme).
Compound type : tatpuruṣa (dvija+uttama)
- dvija – a twice-born, especially a brahmin
noun (masculine)
Compound of dvi + ja. - uttama – best, highest, supreme
adjective (masculine)
Superlative degree of ud (up).
Note: Subject of an implied 'taret'.