मनु-स्मृतिः
manu-smṛtiḥ
-
chapter-8, verse-401
आगमं निर्गमं स्थानं तथा वृद्धिक्षयावुभौ ।
विचार्य सर्वपण्यानां कारयेत क्रयविक्रयौ ॥४०१॥
विचार्य सर्वपण्यानां कारयेत क्रयविक्रयौ ॥४०१॥
401. āgamaṁ nirgamaṁ sthānaṁ tathā vṛddhikṣayāvubhau ,
vicārya sarvapaṇyānāṁ kārayet krayavikrayau.
vicārya sarvapaṇyānāṁ kārayet krayavikrayau.
401.
āgamam nirgamam sthānam tathā vṛddhikṣayau ubhau
vicārya sarvapaṇyānām kārayeta krayavikrayau
vicārya sarvapaṇyānām kārayeta krayavikrayau
401.
sarvapaṇyānām āgamam nirgamam sthānam tathā
ubhau vṛddhikṣayau vicārya krayavikrayau kārayeta
ubhau vṛddhikṣayau vicārya krayavikrayau kārayeta
401.
Having thoroughly considered the import, export, storage, and both the potential for profit and loss of all commodities, one should then arrange for their purchase and sale.
Words meanings summery:
(Scroll down for elaborated words morphology)
- आगमम् (āgamam) - import (of goods) (arrival, income, import)
- निर्गमम् (nirgamam) - export (of goods) (departure, exit, export)
- स्थानम् (sthānam) - storage (of goods) (place, location, storage)
- तथा (tathā) - and (and, thus, similarly)
- वृद्धिक्षयौ (vṛddhikṣayau) - both profit and loss (increase and decrease, profit and loss)
- उभौ (ubhau) - both
- विचार्य (vicārya) - having considered, having examined, having investigated
- सर्वपण्यानाम् (sarvapaṇyānām) - of all commodities, of all goods
- कारयेत (kārayeta) - one should arrange for (buying and selling) (one should cause to be done, one should arrange)
- क्रयविक्रयौ (krayavikrayau) - buying and selling, purchase and sale
Words meanings and morphology
आगमम् (āgamam) - import (of goods) (arrival, income, import)
(noun)
Accusative, masculine, singular of āgama
āgama - approach, arrival, income, import
from √gam 'to go' with ā
Prefix: ā
Root: gam (class 1)
Note: One of the items to be considered.
निर्गमम् (nirgamam) - export (of goods) (departure, exit, export)
(noun)
Accusative, masculine, singular of nirgama
nirgama - going out, exit, departure, export
from √gam 'to go' with nir (from nis)
Prefix: nis
Root: gam (class 1)
Note: Another item to be considered.
स्थानम् (sthānam) - storage (of goods) (place, location, storage)
(noun)
Accusative, neuter, singular of sthāna
sthāna - place, station, position, storage
derived from √sthā
Root: sthā (class 1)
Note: Another item to be considered.
तथा (tathā) - and (and, thus, similarly)
(indeclinable)
Note: Connects the list of items.
वृद्धिक्षयौ (vṛddhikṣayau) - both profit and loss (increase and decrease, profit and loss)
(noun)
Accusative, masculine, dual of vṛddhikṣaya
vṛddhikṣaya - increase and decrease, growth and decay, profit and loss
Dvandva compound
Compound type : dvandva (vṛddhi+kṣaya)
- vṛddhi – increase, growth, prosperity, profit
noun (feminine)
from √vṛdh 'to grow'
Root: vṛdh (class 1) - kṣaya – decrease, loss, decay, destruction
noun (masculine)
from √kṣi 'to perish, decay'
Root: kṣi (class 1)
Note: This dual form refers to 'both increase and decrease'.
उभौ (ubhau) - both
(pronoun)
Accusative, masculine, dual of ubha
ubha - both
dual pronominal stem
Note: Emphasizes vṛddhikṣayau.
विचार्य (vicārya) - having considered, having examined, having investigated
(indeclinable)
Gerund (absolutive)
from √car 'to move, proceed' with vi and ā, suffix -ya (after prefix)
Prefixes: vi+ā
Root: car (class 1)
Note: Introduces the main action of kārayeta.
सर्वपण्यानाम् (sarvapaṇyānām) - of all commodities, of all goods
(noun)
Genitive, neuter, plural of sarvapaṇya
sarvapaṇya - all commodities, every article of trade
Karmadhāraya compound (sarva + paṇya)
Compound type : karmadhāraya (sarva+paṇya)
- sarva – all, every
pronoun (masculine) - paṇya – commodity, article of trade, merchandise
noun (neuter)
Gerundive
Future Passive Participle from root paṇ (1P) 'to bargain'
Root: paṇ (class 1)
Note: Relates to all the preceding items (āgamam, nirgamam, sthānam, vṛddhikṣayau).
कारयेत (kārayeta) - one should arrange for (buying and selling) (one should cause to be done, one should arrange)
(verb)
3rd person , singular, active, optative (vidhiliṅ) of kṛ
optative mood (causative)
Ātmanepada, causative of 8th class verb (ni-form)
Root: kṛ (class 8)
Note: The subject is implicit (the king or an administrator).
क्रयविक्रयौ (krayavikrayau) - buying and selling, purchase and sale
(noun)
Accusative, masculine, dual of krayavikraya
krayavikraya - buying and selling, trade, commerce
Dvandva compound
Compound type : dvandva (kraya+vikraya)
- kraya – purchase, buying
noun (masculine)
from √krī 'to buy'
Root: krī (class 9) - vikraya – sale, selling
noun (masculine)
from √krī 'to buy' with vi (to sell)
Prefix: vi
Root: krī (class 9)
Note: The object of kārayeta.