मनु-स्मृतिः
manu-smṛtiḥ
-
chapter-8, verse-241
क्षेत्रेष्वन्येषु तु पशुः सपादं पणमर्हति ।
सर्वत्र तु सदो देयः क्षेत्रिकस्यैति धारणा ॥२४१॥
सर्वत्र तु सदो देयः क्षेत्रिकस्यैति धारणा ॥२४१॥
241. kṣetreṣvanyeṣu tu paśuḥ sapādaṁ paṇamarhati ,
sarvatra tu sado deyaḥ kṣetrikasyaiti dhāraṇā.
sarvatra tu sado deyaḥ kṣetrikasyaiti dhāraṇā.
241.
kṣetreṣu anyeṣu tu paśuḥ sapādam paṇam arhati
sarvatra tu sadaḥ deyaḥ kṣetrikasya eti dhāraṇā
sarvatra tu sadaḥ deyaḥ kṣetrikasya eti dhāraṇā
241.
But in other fields, an animal is liable for a fine of one and a quarter paṇas. In all cases, compensation is to be given to the field owner; this is the established rule.
Words meanings summery:
(Scroll down for elaborated words morphology)
- क्षेत्रेषु (kṣetreṣu) - in fields (in the fields)
- अन्येषु (anyeṣu) - in other (fields, distinct from previous verses' conditions) (in other, in different)
- तु (tu) - but, indeed (but, indeed, on the other hand)
- पशुः (paśuḥ) - an animal (causing damage) (animal, cattle)
- सपादम् (sapādam) - one and a quarter (paṇas) (with a quarter, including a quarter)
- पणम् (paṇam) - a paṇa (as a unit of fine) (paṇa (a coin or unit of currency), stake)
- अर्हति (arhati) - it (an animal) is liable for (a fine) (it deserves, it is liable for, it is worthy of)
- सर्वत्र (sarvatra) - in all cases (of damage) (everywhere, in all cases, always)
- तु (tu) - indeed, certainly (but, indeed)
- सदः (sadaḥ) - compensation (for damage) (loss, damage, compensation)
- देयः (deyaḥ) - is to be given (to be given, due)
- क्षेत्रिकस्य (kṣetrikasya) - to the field owner (of the field owner, of the cultivator)
- एति (eti) - this is (the rule) (thus, this)
- धारणा (dhāraṇā) - the established rule (rule, principle, retention)
Words meanings and morphology
क्षेत्रेषु (kṣetreṣu) - in fields (in the fields)
(noun)
Locative, neuter, plural of kṣetra
kṣetra - field, ground, land
Root: kṣi (class 1)
Note: Refers to the location where damage occurs.
अन्येषु (anyeṣu) - in other (fields, distinct from previous verses' conditions) (in other, in different)
(adjective)
Locative, neuter, plural of anya
anya - other, different, another
Indefinite pronoun.
Note: Specifies types of fields.
तु (tu) - but, indeed (but, indeed, on the other hand)
(indeclinable)
Particle, often indicates contrast or specification.
Note: Connects to the preceding verses by introducing a different condition.
पशुः (paśuḥ) - an animal (causing damage) (animal, cattle)
(noun)
Nominative, masculine, singular of paśu
paśu - animal, cattle, beast
u-ending masculine noun.
सपादम् (sapādam) - one and a quarter (paṇas) (with a quarter, including a quarter)
(adjective)
Accusative, masculine, singular of sapāda
sapāda - with a quarter, including a fourth part
Bahuvrihi compound 'sa' (with) + 'pāda' (quarter).
Compound type : bahuvrīhi (sa+pāda)
- sa – with, together with
indeclinable
Prefix for Bahuvrihi compounds - pāda – foot, quarter, fourth part
noun (masculine)
Note: Modifies paṇam.
पणम् (paṇam) - a paṇa (as a unit of fine) (paṇa (a coin or unit of currency), stake)
(noun)
Accusative, masculine, singular of paṇa
paṇa - paṇa (a copper coin or unit of value), stake, wager
From √paṇ (to bargain).
Root: paṇ (class 1)
Note: Object of arhati (here, the fine it deserves).
अर्हति (arhati) - it (an animal) is liable for (a fine) (it deserves, it is liable for, it is worthy of)
(verb)
3rd person , singular, active, present (laṭ) of arh
Present tense, active voice, 3rd person singular
From √arh (class 1, arhati).
Root: arh (class 1)
सर्वत्र (sarvatra) - in all cases (of damage) (everywhere, in all cases, always)
(indeclinable)
Adverbial derivative from sarva (all).
Note: Applies to all situations of crop damage by animals.
तु (tu) - indeed, certainly (but, indeed)
(indeclinable)
Particle, often indicates emphasis or continuation.
सदः (sadaḥ) - compensation (for damage) (loss, damage, compensation)
(noun)
Nominative, neuter, singular of sada
sada - loss, damage, injury, destruction
From √sad (to sit down, sink, perish).
Root: sad (class 1)
Note: Subject of deyaḥ.
देयः (deyaḥ) - is to be given (to be given, due)
(adjective)
Nominative, masculine, singular of deya
deya - to be given, grantable, due
Gerundive (Potential Passive Participle)
Formed from √dā (to give) with suffix -ya.
Root: dā (class 3)
Note: Predicate for sadaḥ.
क्षेत्रिकस्य (kṣetrikasya) - to the field owner (of the field owner, of the cultivator)
(noun)
Genitive, masculine, singular of kṣetrika
kṣetrika - field owner, cultivator, husbandman
From kṣetra (field) with suffix -ika.
एति (eti) - this is (the rule) (thus, this)
(indeclinable)
Often seen as a particle 'iti' (thus). 'e' is a variant.
Note: Emphasizes the following dhāraṇā.
धारणा (dhāraṇā) - the established rule (rule, principle, retention)
(noun)
Nominative, feminine, singular of dhāraṇā
dhāraṇā - rule, principle, precept, fixed purpose, retention
From √dhṛ (to hold, support).
Root: dhṛ (class 1)