मनु-स्मृतिः
manu-smṛtiḥ
-
chapter-8, verse-232
नष्टं विनष्टं कृमिभिः श्वहतं विषमे मृतम ।
हीनं पुरुषकारेण प्रदद्यात पाल एव तु ॥२३२॥
हीनं पुरुषकारेण प्रदद्यात पाल एव तु ॥२३२॥
232. naṣṭaṁ vinaṣṭaṁ kṛmibhiḥ śvahataṁ viṣame mṛtam ,
hīnaṁ puruṣakāreṇa pradadyāt pāla eva tu.
hīnaṁ puruṣakāreṇa pradadyāt pāla eva tu.
232.
naṣṭam vinaṣṭam kṛmibhiḥ śvahatam viṣame mṛtam
hīnam puruṣakāreṇa pradadyāt pālaḥ eva tu
hīnam puruṣakāreṇa pradadyāt pālaḥ eva tu
232.
pālaḥ eva tu naṣṭam vinaṣṭam kṛmibhiḥ śvahatam
viṣame mṛtam puruṣakāreṇa hīnam pradadyāt
viṣame mṛtam puruṣakāreṇa hīnam pradadyāt
232.
The herdsman himself must indeed compensate for any animal that is lost, destroyed by worms, killed by dogs, dead in a difficult place, or diminished due to a lack of proper human effort (negligence).
Words meanings summery:
(Scroll down for elaborated words morphology)
- नष्टम् (naṣṭam) - lost (animal) (lost, ruined, destroyed, disappeared)
- विनष्टम् (vinaṣṭam) - destroyed (animal) (destroyed, ruined, perished)
- कृमिभिः (kṛmibhiḥ) - by worms (by worms, by insects)
- श्वहतम् (śvahatam) - killed by dogs (animal) (killed by dogs)
- विषमे (viṣame) - in a difficult/dangerous place (in an uneven place, in a difficult place, in adversity)
- मृतम् (mṛtam) - dead (animal) (dead, deceased)
- हीनम् (hīnam) - diminished, made deficient (deficient, lacking, abandoned, left behind)
- पुरुषकारेण (puruṣakāreṇa) - by human effort or lack thereof (negligence) (by human effort, by individual exertion, by personal action)
- प्रदद्यात् (pradadyāt) - must compensate for (should give, should restore, should offer)
- पालः (pālaḥ) - the herdsman (the protector, the herdsman)
- एव (eva) - himself, indeed (only, just, indeed, very)
- तु (tu) - indeed (but, indeed, on the other hand)
Words meanings and morphology
नष्टम् (naṣṭam) - lost (animal) (lost, ruined, destroyed, disappeared)
(adjective)
Accusative, neuter, singular of naṣṭa
naṣṭa - lost, ruined, destroyed, disappeared
Past Passive Participle
PPP of root 'naś' (to perish, be lost)
Root: naś (class 4)
Note: Refers to an animal implied.
विनष्टम् (vinaṣṭam) - destroyed (animal) (destroyed, ruined, perished)
(adjective)
Accusative, neuter, singular of vinaṣṭa
vinaṣṭa - destroyed, ruined, perished, utterly lost
Past Passive Participle
PPP of root 'naś' with upasarga 'vi'
Prefix: vi
Root: naś (class 4)
Note: Refers to an animal implied.
कृमिभिः (kṛmibhiḥ) - by worms (by worms, by insects)
(noun)
Instrumental, masculine, plural of kṛmi
kṛmi - worm, insect
श्वहतम् (śvahatam) - killed by dogs (animal) (killed by dogs)
(adjective)
Accusative, neuter, singular of śvahata
śvahata - killed by dogs
Past Passive Participle
Compound of 'śvan' (dog) and 'hata' (killed). 'Hata' is PPP of 'han' (to strike, kill).
Compound type : tatpuruṣa (śvan+hata)
- śvan – dog
noun (masculine) - hata – killed, struck, destroyed
adjective (neuter)
Past Passive Participle
PPP of root 'han'
Root: han (class 2)
Note: Refers to an animal implied.
विषमे (viṣame) - in a difficult/dangerous place (in an uneven place, in a difficult place, in adversity)
(adjective)
Locative, neuter, singular of viṣama
viṣama - uneven, difficult, dangerous, adverse, rough
Prefix: vi
Root: sam (class 1)
Note: Qualifies an implied 'sthāne' (place).
मृतम् (mṛtam) - dead (animal) (dead, deceased)
(adjective)
Accusative, neuter, singular of mṛta
mṛta - dead, deceased, lifeless
Past Passive Participle
PPP of root 'mṛ' (to die)
Root: mṛ (class 1)
Note: Refers to an animal implied.
हीनम् (hīnam) - diminished, made deficient (deficient, lacking, abandoned, left behind)
(adjective)
Accusative, neuter, singular of hīna
hīna - deficient, lacking, abandoned, left behind, deprived of
Past Passive Participle
PPP of root 'hā' (to abandon, quit, fail)
Root: hā (class 3)
Note: Refers to an animal implied.
पुरुषकारेण (puruṣakāreṇa) - by human effort or lack thereof (negligence) (by human effort, by individual exertion, by personal action)
(noun)
Instrumental, masculine, singular of puruṣakāra
puruṣakāra - human effort, individual exertion, personal action
Compound of 'puruṣa' (person) and 'kāra' (action, making)
Compound type : tatpuruṣa (puruṣa+kāra)
- puruṣa – man, person, human being, spirit (puruṣa)
noun (masculine) - kāra – action, doing, maker
noun (masculine)
From root 'kṛ' (to do)
Root: kṛ (class 8)
Note: Refers to the effort/action of the herdsman.
प्रदद्यात् (pradadyāt) - must compensate for (should give, should restore, should offer)
(verb)
3rd person , singular, active, optative (vidhiliṅ) of dā
Prefix: pra
Root: dā (class 3)
पालः (pālaḥ) - the herdsman (the protector, the herdsman)
(noun)
Nominative, masculine, singular of pāla
pāla - protector, guardian, herdsman, keeper
From root 'pā' (to protect)
Root: pā (class 2)
एव (eva) - himself, indeed (only, just, indeed, very)
(indeclinable)
Note: Emphatic particle.
तु (tu) - indeed (but, indeed, on the other hand)
(indeclinable)