मनु-स्मृतिः
manu-smṛtiḥ
-
chapter-8, verse-378
सहस्रं ब्राह्मणो दण्ड्यो गुप्तां विप्रां बलाद व्रजन ।
शतानि पञ्च दण्ड्यः स्यादिच्छन्त्या सह सङ्गतः ॥३७८॥
शतानि पञ्च दण्ड्यः स्यादिच्छन्त्या सह सङ्गतः ॥३७८॥
378. sahasraṁ brāhmaṇo daṇḍyo guptāṁ viprāṁ balād vrajan ,
śatāni pañca daṇḍyaḥ syādicchantyā saha saṅgataḥ.
śatāni pañca daṇḍyaḥ syādicchantyā saha saṅgataḥ.
378.
sahasram brāhmaṇaḥ daṇḍyaḥ guptām viprām balāt vrajan
śatāni pañca daṇḍyaḥ syāt icchhantyā saha saṅgataḥ
śatāni pañca daṇḍyaḥ syāt icchhantyā saha saṅgataḥ
378.
brāhmaṇaḥ balāt guptām viprām vrajan sahasram daṇḍyaḥ
syāt icchhantyā saha saṅgataḥ pañca śatāni daṇḍyaḥ syāt
syāt icchhantyā saha saṅgataḥ pañca śatāni daṇḍyaḥ syāt
378.
A Brahmin who approaches a protected Brahmin woman by force should be fined a thousand [panas]. If he has intercourse with a woman who consents, he should be fined five hundred [panas].
Words meanings summery:
(Scroll down for elaborated words morphology)
- सहस्रम् (sahasram) - a thousand [panas, a unit of currency/fine] (a thousand, one thousand)
- ब्राह्मणः (brāhmaṇaḥ) - a male Brahmin (the offender) (a Brahmin, one belonging to the Brahmin caste)
- दण्ड्यः (daṇḍyaḥ) - should be fined, deserves a fine (punishable, to be fined, deserving punishment)
- गुप्ताम् (guptām) - a protected (woman) (protected, guarded, hidden)
- विप्राम् (viprām) - a Brahmin woman (a Brahmin woman, a wise woman)
- बलात् (balāt) - by force (by force, forcibly, violently)
- व्रजन् (vrajan) - approaching, having sexual intercourse (going, moving, approaching)
- शतानि (śatāni) - five hundred [panas] (hundreds)
- पञ्च (pañca) - five
- दण्ड्यः (daṇḍyaḥ) - should be fined, deserves a fine (punishable, to be fined, deserving punishment)
- स्यात् (syāt) - should be (should be, may be, would be)
- इच्छ्हन्त्या (icchhantyā) - by a woman who is willing/consenting (by a desiring (woman), by a willing (woman))
- सह (saha) - with (with, along with)
- सङ्गतः (saṅgataḥ) - having had intercourse (united with, associated with, met with, had intercourse with)
Words meanings and morphology
सहस्रम् (sahasram) - a thousand [panas, a unit of currency/fine] (a thousand, one thousand)
(noun)
Accusative, neuter, singular of sahasra
sahasra - a thousand, one thousand
Note: Also functions as an indeclinable 'a thousand times' or 'in thousands'. Here, likely accusative indicating the amount of fine.
ब्राह्मणः (brāhmaṇaḥ) - a male Brahmin (the offender) (a Brahmin, one belonging to the Brahmin caste)
(noun)
Nominative, masculine, singular of brāhmaṇa
brāhmaṇa - a Brahmin, a priest, relating to Brahman
Derived from brahman (ब्रह्मन्) + aṇ (अण्) suffix.
Root: bṛh (class 1)
Note: Refers to a male member of the Brahmin (brāhmaṇa) varna.
दण्ड्यः (daṇḍyaḥ) - should be fined, deserves a fine (punishable, to be fined, deserving punishment)
(adjective)
Nominative, masculine, singular of daṇḍya
daṇḍya - punishable, to be fined, deserving punishment
Gerundive (kṛtya)
Derived from the root daṇḍ (दण्ड्) with the suffix -ya (य).
Root: daṇḍ (class 10)
Note: Agrees with `brāhmaṇaḥ`.
गुप्ताम् (guptām) - a protected (woman) (protected, guarded, hidden)
(adjective)
Accusative, feminine, singular of guptā
guptā - protected, guarded, hidden (feminine form)
Past Passive Participle
From root gup (गुप्) 'to protect' + kta (क्त) suffix.
Root: gup (class 1)
Note: Agrees with `viprām`.
विप्राम् (viprām) - a Brahmin woman (a Brahmin woman, a wise woman)
(noun)
Accusative, feminine, singular of viprā
viprā - a Brahmin woman, a wise woman
Feminine form of vipra (विप्र).
Note: Direct object of `vrajan`.
बलात् (balāt) - by force (by force, forcibly, violently)
(indeclinable)
Note: Adverbial use of the ablative case, meaning 'by force'.
व्रजन् (vrajan) - approaching, having sexual intercourse (going, moving, approaching)
(participle)
Nominative, masculine, singular of vrajat
vrajat - going, moving, proceeding
Present Active Participle
From root vraj (व्रज्) 'to go' + śatṛ (शतृ) suffix.
Root: vraj (class 1)
Note: Agrees with `brāhmaṇaḥ`.
शतानि (śatāni) - five hundred [panas] (hundreds)
(noun)
Accusative, neuter, plural of śata
śata - a hundred
Note: Direct object, referring to the amount of the fine.
पञ्च (pañca) - five
(numeral)
Note: Adjective modifying `śatāni`.
दण्ड्यः (daṇḍyaḥ) - should be fined, deserves a fine (punishable, to be fined, deserving punishment)
(adjective)
Nominative, masculine, singular of daṇḍya
daṇḍya - punishable, to be fined, deserving punishment
Gerundive (kṛtya)
From the root daṇḍ (दण्ड्) with the suffix -ya (य).
Root: daṇḍ (class 10)
Note: Predicative adjective, implied subject `brāhmaṇaḥ`.
स्यात् (syāt) - should be (should be, may be, would be)
(verb)
3rd person , singular, active, optative (vidhiliṅ) of as
Optative Mood
3rd person singular, optative mood, active voice.
Root: as (class 2)
Note: Auxiliary verb with `daṇḍyaḥ`.
इच्छ्हन्त्या (icchhantyā) - by a woman who is willing/consenting (by a desiring (woman), by a willing (woman))
(participle)
Instrumental, feminine, singular of icchhantī
icchhantī - desiring, wishing (feminine form)
Present Active Participle
From root iṣ (इष्) 'to wish, desire' (1st class, becomes icchh) + śatṛ (शतृ) suffix, then feminine -ī.
Root: iṣ (class 6)
Note: Used with `saha`.
सह (saha) - with (with, along with)
(indeclinable)
Note: Preposition governing instrumental case.
सङ्गतः (saṅgataḥ) - having had intercourse (united with, associated with, met with, had intercourse with)
(participle)
Nominative, masculine, singular of saṅgata
saṅgata - united, associated, met, encountered, engaged in sexual intercourse
Past Passive Participle
From sam-gam (सम्-गम्) 'to come together, meet' + kta (क्त) suffix.
Prefix: sam
Root: gam (class 1)
Note: Agrees with the implied subject `brāhmaṇaḥ`.