मनु-स्मृतिः
manu-smṛtiḥ
-
chapter-8, verse-240
पथि क्षेत्रे परिवृते ग्रामान्तीयेऽथ वा पुनः ।
सपालः शतदण्डार्हो विपालान वारयेत पशून ॥२४०॥
सपालः शतदण्डार्हो विपालान वारयेत पशून ॥२४०॥
240. pathi kṣetre parivṛte grāmāntīye'tha vā punaḥ ,
sapālaḥ śatadaṇḍārho vipālān vārayet paśūn.
sapālaḥ śatadaṇḍārho vipālān vārayet paśūn.
240.
pathi kṣetre parivṛte grāmāntīye atha vā punaḥ
sapālaḥ śatadaṇḍārhaḥ vipālān vārayeta paśūn
sapālaḥ śatadaṇḍārhaḥ vipālān vārayeta paśūn
240.
If animals damage a fenced field, whether it is by a road or at the village boundary, the keeper of animals (if present) is liable for a fine of one hundred (paṇas). Unguarded animals, one should simply ward off.
Words meanings summery:
(Scroll down for elaborated words morphology)
- पथि (pathi) - located by a road (on the path, by the road)
- क्षेत्रे (kṣetre) - in the field (in the field, on the ground)
- परिवृते (parivṛte) - fenced (referring to the field) (enclosed, fenced, surrounded)
- ग्रामान्तीये (grāmāntīye) - at the village boundary (at the village boundary, located near a village)
- अथ (atha) - or (in "atha vā") (then, now, moreover, or)
- वा (vā) - or (or, either)
- पुनः (punaḥ) - again (emphasizing the alternatives) (again, moreover, but)
- सपालः (sapālaḥ) - the keeper (of the animals) (with a keeper, guarded, having a protector)
- शतदण्डार्हः (śatadaṇḍārhaḥ) - liable to a fine of one hundred (paṇas implied) (deserving a fine of one hundred, liable to a fine of a hundred)
- विपालान् (vipālān) - (referring to) unguarded animals (unguarded, without a keeper)
- वारयेत (vārayeta) - one should ward off (the animals) (one should prevent, one should ward off)
- पशून् (paśūn) - animals (animals, cattle)
Words meanings and morphology
पथि (pathi) - located by a road (on the path, by the road)
(noun)
Locative, masculine, singular of pathin
pathin - path, road, way
n-ending masculine noun.
Note: Refers to the location of the field.
क्षेत्रे (kṣetre) - in the field (in the field, on the ground)
(noun)
Locative, neuter, singular of kṣetra
kṣetra - field, ground, land
Root: kṣi (class 1)
Note: Refers to the field being damaged.
परिवृते (parivṛte) - fenced (referring to the field) (enclosed, fenced, surrounded)
(adjective)
Locative, neuter, singular of parivṛta
parivṛta - enclosed, fenced, surrounded
Past Passive Participle
PPP of √vṛ 'to cover, enclose' with prefix pari-.
Prefix: pari
Root: vṛ (class 5)
ग्रामान्तीये (grāmāntīye) - at the village boundary (at the village boundary, located near a village)
(adjective)
Locative, neuter, singular of grāmāntīya
grāmāntīya - pertaining to a village boundary, near a village
Derived from grāma-anta (village end/boundary).
Compound type : tatpuruṣa (grāma+anta)
- grāma – village, rural community
noun (masculine) - anta – end, boundary, limit
noun (masculine)
अथ (atha) - or (in "atha vā") (then, now, moreover, or)
(indeclinable)
Particle.
वा (vā) - or (or, either)
(indeclinable)
Conjunction particle.
पुनः (punaḥ) - again (emphasizing the alternatives) (again, moreover, but)
(indeclinable)
Particle.
सपालः (sapālaḥ) - the keeper (of the animals) (with a keeper, guarded, having a protector)
(noun)
Nominative, masculine, singular of sapāla
sapāla - with a keeper, guarded, having a protector
Bahuvrihi compound 'sa' (with) + 'pāla' (keeper).
Compound type : bahuvrīhi (sa+pāla)
- sa – with, together with
indeclinable
Prefix for Bahuvrihi compounds - pāla – keeper, protector, herdsman
noun (masculine)
Agent noun from √pā (to protect)
Root: pā (class 2)
Note: Subject for śatadaṇḍārhaḥ.
शतदण्डार्हः (śatadaṇḍārhaḥ) - liable to a fine of one hundred (paṇas implied) (deserving a fine of one hundred, liable to a fine of a hundred)
(adjective)
Nominative, masculine, singular of śatadaṇḍārha
śatadaṇḍārha - deserving a fine of one hundred
Tatpuruṣa compound śata (hundred) + daṇḍa (fine) + arha (deserving).
Compound type : tatpuruṣa (śata+daṇḍa+arha)
- śata – hundred
noun (neuter) - daṇḍa – fine, punishment
noun (masculine)
Root: daṇḍ (class 10) - arha – deserving, worthy of
adjective
Derived from √arh (to deserve)
Root: arh (class 1)
Note: Predicate describing sapālaḥ.
विपालान् (vipālān) - (referring to) unguarded animals (unguarded, without a keeper)
(adjective)
Accusative, masculine, plural of vipāla
vipāla - without a keeper, unguarded
Nañ-tatpuruṣa compound 'vi' (without) + 'pāla' (keeper).
Compound type : nañ-tatpuruṣa (vi+pāla)
- vi – without, lacking (negative prefix)
indeclinable
Prefix meaning 'apart', 'without'. Here negative sense. - pāla – keeper, protector, herdsman
noun (masculine)
Agent noun from √pā (to protect)
Root: pā (class 2)
Note: Modifies paśūn.
वारयेत (vārayeta) - one should ward off (the animals) (one should prevent, one should ward off)
(verb)
3rd person , singular, active, optative (vidhi-liṅ) of vṛ
Optative mood, active voice, 3rd person singular (causative stem)
From √vṛ (class 10, vārayati). Optative form.
Root: vṛ (class 10)
Note: Implied subject is the owner of the field or authority.
पशून् (paśūn) - animals (animals, cattle)
(noun)
Accusative, masculine, plural of paśu
paśu - animal, cattle, beast
u-ending masculine noun.
Note: Object of vārayeta.