महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-1, chapter-3, verse-81

स तथेत्युक्त्वा गुरुकुले दीर्घकालं गुरुशुश्रूषणपरोऽवसत् ।
गौरिव नित्यं गुरुषु धूर्षु नियुज्यमानः शीतोष्णक्षुत्तृष्णादुःखसहः सर्वत्राप्रतिकूलः ॥८१॥

81. sa tathetyuktvā gurukule dīrghakālaṁ guruśuśrūṣaṇaparo'vasat ,
gauriva nityaṁ guruṣu dhūrṣu niyujyamānaḥ śītoṣṇakṣuttṛṣṇāduḥkhasahaḥ sarvatrāpratikūlaḥ.

81. sa tathā iti uktvā gurukule dīrghakālam
guruśuśrūṣaṇaparaḥ avasat gauḥ iva nityam
guruṣu dhūrṣu niyujyamānaḥ
śītoṣṇakṣuttṛṣṇāduḥkhasahaḥ sarvatra apratikūlaḥ

81. Having said, "So be it," he remained in the guru's abode for a long time, diligently engaged in serving his teacher. Like an ox, he was constantly employed in the tasks assigned by his teachers, enduring cold, heat, hunger, thirst, and various hardships, and was always compliant in all matters.

Words meanings summery:

• स (sa) - he (the student Veda) (he, that)

• तथा (tathā) - "so be it," expressing agreement (so, thus, in that manner, yes)

• इति (iti) - thus (marking the direct speech of agreement) (thus, so, in this manner)

• उक्त्वा (uktvā) - having said (his agreement) (having said, having spoken)

• गुरुकुले (gurukule) - in the guru's abode (where students reside and study) (in the guru's family/abode/school)

• दीर्घकालम् (dīrghakālam) - for a long duration of time (for a long time, for a long period)

• गुरुशुश्रूषणपरः (guruśuśrūṣaṇaparaḥ) - diligently engaged in serving his teacher (guru) (devoted to serving the guru, intent on serving the teacher)

• अवसत् (avasat) - he stayed (at the guru's abode) (he stayed, he dwelt, he resided)

• गौः (gauḥ) - an ox (symbolizing diligence and burden-bearing) (cow, ox, bull)

• इव (iva) - like (indicating simile) (like, as, as it were)

• नित्यम् (nityam) - constantly (indicating continuous action) (constantly, always, perpetually)

• गुरुषु (guruṣu) - (in the tasks) related to the gurus (among teachers, to teachers)

• धूर्षु (dhūrṣu) - in the tasks (assigned by the guru) (in burdens, in tasks, in yokes)

• नियुज्यमानः (niyujyamānaḥ) - being constantly employed (in the tasks) (being employed, being engaged, being appointed)

• शीतोष्णक्षुत्तृष्णादुःखसहः (śītoṣṇakṣuttṛṣṇāduḥkhasahaḥ) - enduring cold, heat, hunger, thirst, and various hardships (enduring cold, heat, hunger, thirst, and suffering)

• सर्वत्र (sarvatra) - in all matters, always (everywhere, in all places, in all matters)

• अप्रतिकूलः (apratikūlaḥ) - compliant (to the guru's wishes/instructions) (not adverse, compliant, favorable, not opposing)

Words meanings and morphology

स (sa) - he (the student Veda) (he, that)

(pronoun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of tad

tad - that, he, she, it

तथा (tathā) - "so be it," expressing agreement (so, thus, in that manner, yes)

(indeclinable)

Note: Adverb.

इति (iti) - thus (marking the direct speech of agreement) (thus, so, in this manner)

(indeclinable)

उक्त्वा (uktvā) - having said (his agreement) (having said, having spoken)

(indeclinable)

Absolutive (Gerund)

Absolutive form from root 'vac' (to speak) + ktvā suffix. 'vac' changes to 'uk' before ktvā.

Root: vac (class 2)

गुरुकुले (gurukule) - in the guru's abode (where students reside and study) (in the guru's family/abode/school)

(noun)

Locative, neuter, singular of gurukula

gurukula - guru's family, guru's abode, school of a guru

Compound type : tatpurusha (guru+kula)

• guru – teacher, spiritual preceptor
  noun (masculine)
• kula – family, lineage, abode, community
  noun (neuter)

दीर्घकालम् (dīrghakālam) - for a long duration of time (for a long time, for a long period)

(noun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of dīrghakāla

dīrghakāla - long time, prolonged period

Compound type : karmadharaya (dīrgha+kāla)

• dīrgha – long, lengthy
  adjective (masculine)
• kāla – time, period
  noun (masculine)

गुरुशुश्रूषणपरः (guruśuśrūṣaṇaparaḥ) - diligently engaged in serving his teacher (guru) (devoted to serving the guru, intent on serving the teacher)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of guruśuśrūṣaṇapara

guruśuśrūṣaṇapara - devoted to serving the guru, intent on serving the teacher

Compound type : tatpurusha (guruśuśrūṣaṇa+para)

• guruśuśrūṣaṇa – service of the guru
  noun (neuter)
  Desiderative noun
  Derived from the desiderative root 'śuśrūṣ' (desirous of serving) + lyuṭ suffix.
  Root: śru (class 5)
• guru – teacher, spiritual preceptor (guru)
  noun (masculine)
• para – devoted to, intent on, supreme, chief
  adjective (masculine)

अवसत् (avasat) - he stayed (at the guru's abode) (he stayed, he dwelt, he resided)

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, imperfect (laṅ) of vas

Imperfect Active

Imperfect tense, 3rd person singular, active voice. From root 'vas' (to dwell). The 'a' is augment.

Root: vas (class 1)

गौः (gauḥ) - an ox (symbolizing diligence and burden-bearing) (cow, ox, bull)

(noun)

Nominative, masculine/feminine, singular of go

go - cow, ox, bull, earth, ray

Note: Here implied as 'an ox'.

इव (iva) - like (indicating simile) (like, as, as it were)

(indeclinable)

Note: Particle for comparison.

नित्यम् (nityam) - constantly (indicating continuous action) (constantly, always, perpetually)

(indeclinable)

Note: Used adverbially here.

गुरुषु (guruṣu) - (in the tasks) related to the gurus (among teachers, to teachers)

(noun)

Locative, masculine, plural of guru

guru - teacher, spiritual preceptor, heavy, important

Note: Used in a genitive sense (of the gurus) in the locative case, modifying `dhūrṣu`.

धूर्षु (dhūrṣu) - in the tasks (assigned by the guru) (in burdens, in tasks, in yokes)

(noun)

Locative, feminine, plural of dhūr

dhūr - burden, load, task, yoke

नियुज्यमानः (niyujyamānaḥ) - being constantly employed (in the tasks) (being employed, being engaged, being appointed)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of niyujyamāna

niyujyamāna - being employed, being engaged, being appointed

Present Passive Participle

Present passive participle, masculine singular nominative, from root 'yuj' with prefix 'ni'.

Prefix: ni

Root: yuj (class 7)

Note: Describes the student ('sa').

शीतोष्णक्षुत्तृष्णादुःखसहः (śītoṣṇakṣuttṛṣṇāduḥkhasahaḥ) - enduring cold, heat, hunger, thirst, and various hardships (enduring cold, heat, hunger, thirst, and suffering)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of śītoṣṇakṣuttṛṣṇāduḥkhasaha

śītoṣṇakṣuttṛṣṇāduḥkhasaha - one who endures cold, heat, hunger, thirst, and suffering

Compound type : tatpurusha (śīta+uṣṇa+kṣudh+tṛṣṇā+duḥkha+saha)

• śīta – cold, chill
  noun (neuter)
• uṣṇa – heat, hot
  noun (neuter)
• kṣudh – hunger
  noun (feminine)
• tṛṣṇā – thirst, craving
  noun (feminine)
• duḥkha – suffering, pain, sorrow
  noun (neuter)
• saha – enduring, bearing, tolerating
  adjective (masculine)
  From root 'sah' (to endure).
  Root: sah (class 1)

Note: Describes the student.

सर्वत्र (sarvatra) - in all matters, always (everywhere, in all places, in all matters)

(indeclinable)

Formed from 'sarva' (all) + 'tra' suffix (locative sense).

Note: Adverb of place and manner.

अप्रतिकूलः (apratikūlaḥ) - compliant (to the guru's wishes/instructions) (not adverse, compliant, favorable, not opposing)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of apratikūla

apratikūla - not adverse, compliant, favorable, not opposing

Compound type : bahuvrihi (a+pratikūla)

• a – not, non-
  indeclinable
  Negative prefix.
• pratikūla – contrary, adverse, unfavorable, opposing
  adjective (masculine)
  From 'prati' (against) + 'kūla' (bank/side, metaphorically favorable).
  Prefix: prati

Note: Describes the student.