महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-1, chapter-3, verse-28

स तच्छ्रुत्वा आरुणिरुपाध्यायवाक्यं तस्मात्केदारखण्डात्सहसोत्थाय तमुपाध्यायमुपतस्थे ।
प्रोवाच चैनम् ।
अयमस्म्यत्र केदारखण्डे निःसरमाणमुदकमवारणीयं संरोद्धुं संविष्टो भगवच्छब्दं श्रुत्वैव सहसा विदार्य केदारखण्डं भवन्तमुपस्थितः ।
तदभिवादये भगवन्तम् ।
आज्ञापयतु भवान् ।
किं करवाणीति ॥२८॥

28. sa tacchrutvā āruṇirupādhyāyavākyaṁ tasmātkedārakhaṇḍātsahasotthāya tamupādhyāyamupatasthe ,
provāca cainam ,
ayamasmyatra kedārakhaṇḍe niḥsaramāṇamudakamavāraṇīyaṁ saṁroddhuṁ saṁviṣṭo bhagavacchabdaṁ śrutvaiva sahasā vidārya kedārakhaṇḍaṁ bhavantamupasthitaḥ ,
tadabhivādaye bhagavantam ,
ājñāpayatu bhavān ,
kiṁ karavāṇīti.

28. saḥ tat śrutvā āruṇiḥ upādhyāyavākyam tasmāt kedārakhaṇḍāt sahasā utthāya tam upādhyāyam
upatasthe | pra uvāca ca enam | ayam asmi atra kedārakhaṇḍe niḥsaramāṇam udakam
avāraṇīyam saṃroddhum saṃviṣṭaḥ bhagavac-chabdam śrutvā eva sahasā vidārya kedārakhaṇḍam
bhavantam upasthitaḥ | tat abhivādaye bhagavantam | ājñāpayatu bhavān | kim karavāṇi iti

28. Hearing that, Aruṇi understood it to be his teacher's word, and immediately rose from the field embankment. He approached the teacher and said to him, "Here I am! I was lying here in this field embankment, attempting to obstruct the irresistible outflow of water. However, as soon as I heard your venerable voice (Bhagavat's śabda), I abruptly vacated the embankment and have now presented myself before you. Therefore, I bow to your reverence (Bhagavat). Please command, what may I do?"

Words meanings summery:

• सः (saḥ) - Aruṇi (the disciple) (he, that)

• तत् (tat) - the sound/call made by the teacher (that, it)

• श्रुत्वा (śrutvā) - having heard

• आरुणिः (āruṇiḥ) - Aruṇi (proper name)

• उपाध्यायवाक्यम् (upādhyāyavākyam) - the teacher's word, speech of the instructor

• तस्मात् (tasmāt) - from that, from it

• केदारखण्डात् (kedārakhaṇḍāt) - from the field embankment, from the section of the cultivated field

• सहसा (sahasā) - suddenly, abruptly, quickly

• उत्थाय (utthāya) - having risen, having stood up

• तम् (tam) - the teacher (Uddālaka) (him, that)

• उपाध्यायम् (upādhyāyam) - teacher, instructor

• उपतस्थे (upatasthe) - he approached, he attended

• प्र (pra) - forth, forward

• उवाच (uvāca) - he said, he spoke

• च (ca) - and, also

• एनम् (enam) - him, this one

• अयम् (ayam) - I am, here I am

• अस्मि (asmi) - I am

• अत्र (atra) - here, in this place

• केदारखण्डे (kedārakhaṇḍe) - in the breach of the field embankment (in the field embankment, in the section of the cultivated field)

• निःसरमाणम् (niḥsaramāṇam) - outflowing (water) (flowing out, issuing forth)

• उदकम् (udakam) - water

• अवारणीयम् (avāraṇīyam) - irresistible, not to be stopped

• संरोद्धुम् (saṁroddhum) - to obstruct, to stop completely

• संविष्टः (saṁviṣṭaḥ) - having lain down (to block the breach) (entered, seated, having settled down)

• भगवच्-छब्दम् (bhagavac-chabdam) - the teacher's call (the venerable one's word/sound, the master's voice)

• श्रुत्वा (śrutvā) - having heard

• एव (eva) - as soon as (indeed, only, just)

• सहसा (sahasā) - suddenly, abruptly, quickly

• विदार्य (vidārya) - having vacated/separated oneself from (the embankment) (having torn apart, having split, having removed)

• केदारखण्डम् (kedārakhaṇḍam) - the breach in the field embankment (which he was plugging) (the field embankment, the section of the cultivated field)

• भवन्तम् (bhavantam) - the teacher (your honor, you (respectful))

• उपस्थितः (upasthitaḥ) - presented myself before you (approached, present, stood near)

• तत् (tat) - therefore, that

• अभिवादये (abhivādaye) - I salute, I bow down to

• भगवन्तम् (bhagavantam) - the teacher (Uddālaka) (the venerable one, the master)

• आज्ञापयतु (ājñāpayatu) - let him command, please command

• भवान् (bhavān) - the teacher (your honor, you (respectful))

• किम् (kim) - what?

• करवाणि (karavāṇi) - should I do? what may I do?

• इति (iti) - thus, so, indicating direct speech

Words meanings and morphology

सः (saḥ) - Aruṇi (the disciple) (he, that)

(pronoun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of tad

tad - that, he, she, it

तत् (tat) - the sound/call made by the teacher (that, it)

(pronoun)

Accusative, neuter, singular of tad

tad - that, he, she, it

श्रुत्वा (śrutvā) - having heard

(indeclinable)

Absolutive (Gerund)

Derived from root 'śru' (to hear) with suffix 'ktvā'

Root: śru (class 5)

Note: Functions as a non-finite verb.

आरुणिः (āruṇiḥ) - Aruṇi (proper name)

(proper noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of āruṇi

āruṇi - Aruṇi (proper name)

उपाध्यायवाक्यम् (upādhyāyavākyam) - the teacher's word, speech of the instructor

(noun)

Accusative, neuter, singular of upādhyāyavākya

upādhyāyavākya - teacher's word, word of the instructor

Compound of 'upādhyāya' (teacher) and 'vākya' (word)

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (upādhyāya+vākya)

• upādhyāya – teacher, instructor
  noun (masculine)
  Prefixes: upa+adhi
• vākya – word, speech, sentence
  noun (neuter)
  Derived from root 'vac' (to speak) + suffix 'ya'
  Root: vac (class 2)

तस्मात् (tasmāt) - from that, from it

(pronoun)

Ablative, singular of tad

tad - that, he, she, it

केदारखण्डात् (kedārakhaṇḍāt) - from the field embankment, from the section of the cultivated field

(noun)

Ablative, masculine, singular of kedārakhaṇḍa

kedārakhaṇḍa - section of a cultivated field, field embankment/dike

Compound of 'kedāra' (cultivated field) and 'khaṇḍa' (piece, section)

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (kedāra+khaṇḍa)

• kedāra – cultivated field, rice field
  noun (masculine)
• khaṇḍa – piece, section, part, fragment
  noun (masculine)
  Root: khaṇḍ (class 1)

सहसा (sahasā) - suddenly, abruptly, quickly

(indeclinable)

Adverbial form

उत्थाय (utthāya) - having risen, having stood up

(indeclinable)

Absolutive (Gerund)

Derived from root 'sthā' (to stand) with prefix 'ut', suffix 'lyap'

Prefix: ut

Root: sthā (class 1)

Note: Functions as a non-finite verb.

तम् (tam) - the teacher (Uddālaka) (him, that)

(pronoun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of tad

tad - that, he, she, it

उपाध्यायम् (upādhyāyam) - teacher, instructor

(noun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of upādhyāya

upādhyāya - teacher, instructor

उपतस्थे (upatasthe) - he approached, he attended

(verb)

3rd person , singular, middle, perfect (Lit) of upasthā

Perfect tense, 3rd person singular, middle voice (ātmanepada)

From root 'sthā' (to stand) with prefix 'upa', perfect form

Prefix: upa

Root: sthā (class 1)

प्र (pra) - forth, forward

(indeclinable)

उवाच (uvāca) - he said, he spoke

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, perfect (Lit) of vac

Perfect tense, 3rd person singular, active voice

From root 'vac' (to speak), perfect form

Root: vac (class 2)

च (ca) - and, also

(indeclinable)

एनम् (enam) - him, this one

(pronoun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of ena

ena - this, this one, him

अयम् (ayam) - I am, here I am

(pronoun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of idam

idam - this, here

अस्मि (asmi) - I am

(verb)

1st person , singular, active, present (Laṭ) of as

Present tense, 1st person singular, active voice

From root 'as' (to be), present form

Root: as (class 2)

अत्र (atra) - here, in this place

(indeclinable)

Formed from 'idam' (this) + 'tra' (locative suffix)

केदारखण्डे (kedārakhaṇḍe) - in the breach of the field embankment (in the field embankment, in the section of the cultivated field)

(noun)

Locative, masculine, singular of kedārakhaṇḍa

kedārakhaṇḍa - section of a cultivated field, field embankment/dike

Compound of 'kedāra' (cultivated field) and 'khaṇḍa' (piece, section)

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (kedāra+khaṇḍa)

• kedāra – cultivated field, rice field
  noun (masculine)
• khaṇḍa – piece, section, part, fragment
  noun (masculine)
  Root: khaṇḍ (class 1)

निःसरमाणम् (niḥsaramāṇam) - outflowing (water) (flowing out, issuing forth)

(adjective)

Accusative, neuter, singular of niḥsaramāṇa

niḥsaramāṇa - flowing out, issuing forth

Present Middle Participle

Derived from root 'sṛ' (to go) with prefix 'niḥ' and suffix 'śānac' (māna)

Prefix: niḥ

Root: sṛ (class 1)

Note: Qualifies 'udakam'.

उदकम् (udakam) - water

(noun)

Accusative, neuter, singular of udaka

udaka - water

Root: und (class 1)

अवारणीयम् (avāraṇīyam) - irresistible, not to be stopped

(adjective)

Accusative, neuter, singular of avāraṇīya

avāraṇīya - irresistible, not to be stopped, unavoidable

Gerundive (Passive Future Participle)

Derived from root 'vṛ' (to restrain, cover) with negative prefix 'a' and suffix 'anīya'

Compound type : nañ-tatpuruṣa (a+vāraṇīya)

• a – not, un-
  indeclinable
  Negative prefix
• vāraṇīya – to be restrained, to be stopped
  adjective (neuter)
  Gerundive (Passive Future Participle)
  Derived from root 'vṛ' (to restrain) with suffix 'anīya'
  Root: vṛ (class 5)

Note: Qualifies 'udakam'.

संरोद्धुम् (saṁroddhum) - to obstruct, to stop completely

(indeclinable)

Infinitive

Derived from root 'rudh' (to obstruct) with prefix 'sam', suffix 'tumun'

Prefix: sam

Root: rudh (class 7)

Note: Functions as a non-finite verb.

संविष्टः (saṁviṣṭaḥ) - having lain down (to block the breach) (entered, seated, having settled down)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of saṃviṣṭa

saṁviṣṭa - entered, seated, reclined, having settled

Past Passive Participle

Derived from root 'viś' (to enter) with prefix 'sam', suffix 'kta'

Prefix: sam

Root: viś (class 6)

भगवच्-छब्दम् (bhagavac-chabdam) - the teacher's call (the venerable one's word/sound, the master's voice)

(noun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of bhagavac-chabda

bhagavac-chabda - sound/word of the venerable one

Compound of 'bhagavat' (venerable one) and 'śabda' (sound, word), with internal sandhi (t+ś=cch)

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (bhagavat+śabda)

• bhagavat – venerable, divine, illustrious
  adjective (masculine)
  Noun/adjective stem
  Root: bhaj (class 1)
• śabda – sound, word, voice
  noun (masculine)

श्रुत्वा (śrutvā) - having heard

(indeclinable)

Absolutive (Gerund)

Derived from root 'śru' (to hear) with suffix 'ktvā'

Root: śru (class 5)

Note: Functions as a non-finite verb.

एव (eva) - as soon as (indeed, only, just)

(indeclinable)

सहसा (sahasā) - suddenly, abruptly, quickly

(indeclinable)

Adverbial form

विदार्य (vidārya) - having vacated/separated oneself from (the embankment) (having torn apart, having split, having removed)

(indeclinable)

Absolutive (Gerund)

Derived from root 'dṛ' (to tear) with prefix 'vi', suffix 'lyap'

Prefix: vi

Root: dṛ (class 6)

Note: Functions as a non-finite verb.

केदारखण्डम् (kedārakhaṇḍam) - the breach in the field embankment (which he was plugging) (the field embankment, the section of the cultivated field)

(noun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of kedārakhaṇḍa

kedārakhaṇḍa - section of a cultivated field, field embankment/dike

Compound of 'kedāra' (cultivated field) and 'khaṇḍa' (piece, section)

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (kedāra+khaṇḍa)

• kedāra – cultivated field, rice field
  noun (masculine)
• khaṇḍa – piece, section, part, fragment
  noun (masculine)
  Root: khaṇḍ (class 1)

भवन्तम् (bhavantam) - the teacher (your honor, you (respectful))

(pronoun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of bhavat

bhavat - your honor, venerable, you

Present Active Participle

Derived from root 'bhū' (to be) + śatṛ suffix. Used as a respectful pronoun

Root: bhū (class 1)

उपस्थितः (upasthitaḥ) - presented myself before you (approached, present, stood near)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of upasthita

upasthita - approached, present, stood near, arrived

Past Passive Participle

Derived from root 'sthā' (to stand) with prefix 'upa', suffix 'kta'

Prefix: upa

Root: sthā (class 1)

Note: The implied verb 'asmi' (I am) completes the sense 'I have presented myself'.

तत् (tat) - therefore, that

(indeclinable)

अभिवादये (abhivādaye) - I salute, I bow down to

(verb)

1st person , singular, middle, present (Laṭ) of abhivād

Present tense, 1st person singular, middle voice (ātmanepada)

From root 'vad' (to speak) with prefixes 'abhi' and 'ā', in causative form

Prefixes: abhi+ā

Root: vad (class 1)

भगवन्तम् (bhagavantam) - the teacher (Uddālaka) (the venerable one, the master)

(adjective)

Accusative, masculine, singular of bhagavat

bhagavat - venerable, divine, illustrious, lord, master

Present Active Participle

Derived from root 'bhaj' (to possess, to obtain) with suffix 'matup'

Root: bhaj (class 1)

आज्ञापयतु (ājñāpayatu) - let him command, please command

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, imperative (Loṭ) of ājñā

Imperative mood, 3rd person singular, active voice (causative stem)

Causative of root 'jñā' (to know) with prefix 'ā', formed with 'ṇic' and 'lat' endings

Prefix: ā

Root: jñā (class 9)

भवान् (bhavān) - the teacher (your honor, you (respectful))

(pronoun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of bhavat

bhavat - your honor, venerable, you

Present Active Participle

Derived from root 'bhū' (to be) + śatṛ suffix. Used as a respectful pronoun

Root: bhū (class 1)

किम् (kim) - what?

(pronoun)

neuter, singular of kim

kim - what, which, who

करवाणि (karavāṇi) - should I do? what may I do?

(verb)

1st person , singular, active, imperative (Loṭ) of kṛ

Imperative mood, 1st person singular, active voice

From root 'kṛ' (to do), imperative form

Root: kṛ (class 8)

इति (iti) - thus, so, indicating direct speech

(indeclinable)