महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-1, chapter-3, verse-74

स एवमुक्तः पुनरेव प्रत्युवाचैतौ ।
प्रत्यनुनये भवन्तावश्विनौ ।
नोत्सहेऽहमनिवेद्योपाध्यायायोपयोक्तुमिति ॥७४॥

74. sa evamuktaḥ punareva pratyuvācaitau ,
pratyanunaye bhavantāvaśvinau ,
notsahe'hamanivedyopādhyāyāyopayoktumiti.

74. saḥ evam uktaḥ punaḥ eva pratyuvāca
etau pratyanunaye bhavantau
aśvinau na utsahe aham
anivedya upādhyāyāya upayoktum iti

74. Being addressed thus, he again replied to them, 'O Aśvins, I implore you two: I am not able to consume (this cake) without informing my preceptor (upādhyāya).'

Words meanings summery:

• सः (saḥ) - he, that

• एवम् (evam) - thus, in this manner, so

• उक्तः (uktaḥ) - addressed (by the Aśvins) (spoken, said, addressed)

• पुनः (punaḥ) - again, moreover

• एव (eva) - indeed, only, just

• प्रत्युवाच (pratyuvāca) - replied, answered

• एतौ (etau) - these two (Aśvins) (these two)

• प्रत्यनुनये (pratyanunaye) - I implore, I request respectfully

• भवन्तौ (bhavantau) - you two (Aśvins) (you two (polite))

• अश्विनौ (aśvinau) - O Aśvins! (the two Aśvins)

• न (na) - not, no

• उत्सहे (utsahe) - I am able, I endeavor, I venture

• अहम् (aham) - I

• अनिवेद्य (anivedya) - without informing, without reporting

• उपाध्यायाय (upādhyāyāya) - to the preceptor, for the preceptor

• उपयोक्तुम् (upayoktum) - to use, to enjoy, to consume

• इति (iti) - thus, so, indicating a quote

Words meanings and morphology

सः (saḥ) - he, that

(pronoun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of tad

tad - that, he, she, it

एवम् (evam) - thus, in this manner, so

(indeclinable)

उक्तः (uktaḥ) - addressed (by the Aśvins) (spoken, said, addressed)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of ukta

ukta - spoken, said, told

Past Passive Participle

from root vac- (to speak)

Root: vac (class 2)

Note: Acts as a subject complement here, describing 'saḥ'.

पुनः (punaḥ) - again, moreover

(indeclinable)

Note: Adverb of repetition.

एव (eva) - indeed, only, just

(indeclinable)

प्रत्युवाच (pratyuvāca) - replied, answered

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, perfect (lit) of pratyuvāca

Perfect

from root vac- (to speak) with prefix prati-

Prefix: prati

Root: vac (class 2)

एतौ (etau) - these two (Aśvins) (these two)

(pronoun)

Accusative, masculine, dual of etad

etad - this

Note: Object of `pratyuvāca`.

प्रत्यनुनये (pratyanunaye) - I implore, I request respectfully

(verb)

1st person , singular, middle, present (laṭ) of pratyanunī

Present Indicative

from root nī- with prefixes prati- and anu-

Prefixes: prati+anu

Root: nī (class 1)

Note: The `e` ending indicates 1st person singular middle voice.

भवन्तौ (bhavantau) - you two (Aśvins) (you two (polite))

(pronoun)

Vocative, masculine, dual of bhavant

bhavant - your honor, you (polite address)

Present Active Participle

from root bhū- (to be)

Root: bhū (class 1)

Note: Used as a polite second-person dual address.

अश्विनौ (aśvinau) - O Aśvins! (the two Aśvins)

(proper noun)

Vocative, masculine, dual of aśvin

aśvin - the Aśvins (divine twins), horse-like

न (na) - not, no

(indeclinable)

उत्सहे (utsahe) - I am able, I endeavor, I venture

(verb)

1st person , singular, middle, present (laṭ) of utsah

Present Indicative

from root sah- with prefix ut-

Prefix: ut

Root: sah (class 1)

अहम् (aham) - I

(pronoun)

Nominative, singular of asmad

asmad - I, we

अनिवेद्य (anivedya) - without informing, without reporting

(indeclinable)

absolutive (gerund) with negation

from root vid- (to know) in causal (ṇic) with prefix ni-, then the suffix -ya to form the gerund, and finally prefixed by 'a-' for negation

Prefixes: a+ni

Root: vid (class 4)

Note: Gerund (absolutive) indicating an action not performed before the main action.

उपाध्यायाय (upādhyāyāya) - to the preceptor, for the preceptor

(noun)

Dative, masculine, singular of upādhyāya

upādhyāya - preceptor, teacher (especially one who teaches only a part of the Veda)

Note: The dative case is used with verbs of informing (like `nivedya`).

उपयोक्तुम् (upayoktum) - to use, to enjoy, to consume

(indeclinable)

infinitive

from root yuj- with prefix upa-

Prefix: upa

Root: yuj (class 7)

Note: Infinitive expressing purpose or ability.

इति (iti) - thus, so, indicating a quote

(indeclinable)

Note: Signals the end of a direct quote.