महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-1, chapter-3, verse-49

तमुपाध्यायः प्रत्युवाच ।
एते त्वदनुकम्पया गुणवन्तो वत्साः प्रभूततरं फेनमुद्गिरन्ति ।
तदेवमपि वत्सानां वृत्त्युपरोधं करोष्येवं वर्तमानः ।
फेनमपि भवान्न पातुमर्हतीति ॥४९॥

49. tamupādhyāyaḥ pratyuvāca ,
ete tvadanukampayā guṇavanto vatsāḥ prabhūtataraṁ phenamudgiranti ,
tadevamapi vatsānāṁ vṛttyuparodhaṁ karoṣyevaṁ vartamānaḥ ,
phenamapi bhavānna pātumarhatīti.

49. tam upādhyāyaḥ pratyuvāca ete tvat anukampayā
guṇavantaḥ vatsāḥ prabhūtataraṃ phenam udgiranti
tat evam api vatsānām vṛttyuparodham karoṣi evam
vartamānaḥ phenam api bhavān na pātum arhati iti

49. The teacher replied to him, "These calves, out of compassion for you, are especially virtuous and thus spill out abundant foam. Therefore, even by behaving in this way, you are hindering the calves' livelihood. You ought not to drink even the foam."

Words meanings summery:

• तम् (tam) - him (referring to the student) (him, that)

• उपाध्यायः (upādhyāyaḥ) - the teacher (Gautama) (teacher, preceptor)

• प्रत्युवाच (pratyuvāca) - replied (replied, answered)

• एते (ete) - these (calves) (these)

• त्वत् (tvat) - from you / your (in the sense of being the reason) (from you, your)

• अनुकम्पया (anukampayā) - out of compassion (for you) (by compassion, through sympathy)

• गुणवन्तः (guṇavantaḥ) - virtuous, meritorious (virtuous, meritorious, endowed with qualities)

• वत्साः (vatsāḥ) - calves

• प्रभूततरं (prabhūtataraṁ) - very abundant (more abundant, very abundant)

• फेनम् (phenam) - foam (foam, froth)

• उद्गिरन्ति (udgiranti) - they spill out / eject (they spit out, they eject, they disgorge)

• तत् (tat) - therefore (that, therefore)

• एवम् (evam) - thus, in this way (thus, in this manner)

• अपि (api) - even (emphasizing the consequence despite good intention) (also, even, too)

• वत्सानाम् (vatsānām) - of the calves

• वृत्त्युपरोधम् (vṛttyuparodham) - obstruction to the livelihood (obstruction of livelihood)

• करोषि (karoṣi) - you cause, you make (you make, you do)

• एवम् (evam) - thus, in this way (thus, in this manner)

• वर्तमानः (vartamānaḥ) - behaving (in this way) (being, existing, behaving, present)

• फेनम् (phenam) - foam (foam, froth)

• अपि (api) - even (the foam) (also, even, too)

• भवान् (bhavān) - you (respectful address to the student) (you (respectful))

• न (na) - not (not, no)

• पातुम् (pātum) - to drink

• अर्हति (arhati) - ought (to drink) (is worthy, ought, deserves)

• इति (iti) - indicating the end of the teacher's statement (thus, so, end of quote)

Words meanings and morphology

तम् (tam) - him (referring to the student) (him, that)

(pronoun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of tad

tad - that, he, she, it

उपाध्यायः (upādhyāyaḥ) - the teacher (Gautama) (teacher, preceptor)

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of upādhyāya

upādhyāya - teacher, preceptor, tutor

Derived from upa- + adhyā (adhi-i-), one who sits near to teach or learn

Prefix: upa

Root: i (class 2)

प्रत्युवाच (pratyuvāca) - replied (replied, answered)

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, perfect (lit) of prativac

Prefix: prati

Root: vac (class 2)

Note: From prati + uvāca (perfect of vac).

एते (ete) - these (calves) (these)

(pronoun)

Nominative, masculine, plural of etad

etad - this, this here

Note: Qualifies vatsāḥ.

त्वत् (tvat) - from you / your (in the sense of being the reason) (from you, your)

(pronoun)

Ablative, singular of tvad

tvad - you (singular)

Note: Used with anukampayā (by compassion from you or because of you).

अनुकम्पया (anukampayā) - out of compassion (for you) (by compassion, through sympathy)

(noun)

Instrumental, feminine, singular of anukampā

anukampā - compassion, sympathy, pity

action noun

From anu- + kamp 'to tremble'

Prefix: anu

Root: kamp (class 1)

Note: Adverbial instrumental, 'by means of compassion.'

गुणवन्तः (guṇavantaḥ) - virtuous, meritorious (virtuous, meritorious, endowed with qualities)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, plural of guṇavat

guṇavat - virtuous, meritorious, endowed with qualities

Suffix -mat/-vat (possessive)

Note: Qualifies vatsāḥ.

वत्साः (vatsāḥ) - calves

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, plural of vatsa

vatsa - calf, offspring, child

Note: Subject of udgiranti.

प्रभूततरं (prabhūtataraṁ) - very abundant (more abundant, very abundant)

(adjective)

Accusative, neuter, singular of prabhūtatara

prabhūta - abundant, much, numerous

comparative

comparative suffix -tara, from pra- + bhūta (past participle of bhū)

Prefix: pra

Root: bhū (class 1)

Note: Modifies phenam.

फेनम् (phenam) - foam (foam, froth)

(noun)

Accusative, neuter, singular of phena

phena - foam, froth, spume

Note: Object of udgiranti.

उद्गिरन्ति (udgiranti) - they spill out / eject (they spit out, they eject, they disgorge)

(verb)

3rd person , plural, active, present (laṭ) of udgir

Prefix: ud

Root: gṛ (class 6)

Note: Root gṛ with prefix ud.

तत् (tat) - therefore (that, therefore)

(indeclinable)

Note: Adverbial use, meaning 'therefore' or 'in that case'.

एवम् (evam) - thus, in this way (thus, in this manner)

(indeclinable)

Note: Adverb modifying vartamānaḥ.

अपि (api) - even (emphasizing the consequence despite good intention) (also, even, too)

(indeclinable)

Note: Emphatic particle.

वत्सानाम् (vatsānām) - of the calves

(noun)

Genitive, masculine, plural of vatsa

vatsa - calf, offspring, child

Note: Possessive with vṛttyuparodham.

वृत्त्युपरोधम् (vṛttyuparodham) - obstruction to the livelihood (obstruction of livelihood)

(noun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of vṛttyuparodha

vṛttyuparodha - hindrance to livelihood, obstruction of activity

Compound type : ṣaṣṭhī-tatpuruṣa (vṛtti+uparodha)

• vṛtti – livelihood, conduct, state, commentary
  noun (feminine)
  action noun
  From root vṛt 'to be, exist'
  Root: vṛt (class 1)
• uparodha – obstruction, hindrance, siege
  noun (masculine)
  action noun
  From upa- + rudh 'to obstruct'
  Prefix: upa
  Root: rudh (class 7)

Note: Object of karoṣi.

करोषि (karoṣi) - you cause, you make (you make, you do)

(verb)

2nd person , singular, active, present (laṭ) of kṛ

Root: kṛ (class 8)

एवम् (evam) - thus, in this way (thus, in this manner)

(indeclinable)

Note: Adverb modifying vartamānaḥ.

वर्तमानः (vartamānaḥ) - behaving (in this way) (being, existing, behaving, present)

(nominal form)

Nominative, masculine, singular of vartamāna

vṛt - to be, exist, turn, proceed

present middle participle

Root: vṛt (class 1)

Note: Qualifies the implied subject of karoṣi (you).

फेनम् (phenam) - foam (foam, froth)

(noun)

Accusative, neuter, singular of phena

phena - foam, froth, spume

Note: Object of pātum.

अपि (api) - even (the foam) (also, even, too)

(indeclinable)

Note: Emphatic particle.

भवान् (bhavān) - you (respectful address to the student) (you (respectful))

(pronoun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of bhavat

bhavat - your honor, you (polite address)

present participle (honorific)

From bhū 'to be'

Root: bhū (class 1)

Note: Subject of arhati.

न (na) - not (not, no)

(indeclinable)

पातुम् (pātum) - to drink

(verb)

infinitive

Root: pā (class 1)

Note: Complements arhati.

अर्हति (arhati) - ought (to drink) (is worthy, ought, deserves)

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, present (laṭ) of arh

Root: arh (class 1)

Note: Used with infinitive. Bhavān (2nd person honorific) takes 3rd person verb.

इति (iti) - indicating the end of the teacher's statement (thus, so, end of quote)

(indeclinable)