महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-1, chapter-3, verse-72

स एवमुक्तः प्रत्युवाच ।
नानृतमूचतुर्भवन्तौ ।
न त्वहमेतमपूपमुपयोक्तुमुत्सहे अनिवेद्य गुरव इति ॥७२॥

72. sa evamuktaḥ pratyuvāca ,
nānṛtamūcaturbhavantau ,
na tvahametamapūpamupayoktumutsahe anivedya gurava iti.

72. saḥ evam uktaḥ pratyuvāca na anṛtam ūcatuḥ bhavantau na
tu aham etam apūpam upayoktum utsahe anivedya gurave iti

72. Being addressed thus, he replied, "You two have not spoken falsely. However, I am not able to consume this cake without first informing my teacher (guru)."

Words meanings summery:

• सः (saḥ) - he, that

• एवम् (evam) - thus, in this manner, so

• उक्तः (uktaḥ) - addressed (by the Aśvins) (spoken, said, addressed)

• प्रत्युवाच (pratyuvāca) - replied, answered

• न (na) - not, no

• अनृतम् (anṛtam) - falsehood, untruth

• ऊचतुः (ūcatuḥ) - you two (Aśvins) spoke (you two spoke, they two spoke)

• भवन्तौ (bhavantau) - you two (polite)

• न (na) - not, no

• तु (tu) - but, indeed, however

• अहम् (aham) - I

• एतम् (etam) - this, this one

• अपूपम् (apūpam) - cake, sweet cake

• उपयोक्तुम् (upayoktum) - to consume (the cake) (to use, to enjoy, to consume)

• उत्सहे (utsahe) - I am able (to eat/consume) (I am able, I endeavor, I venture)

• अनिवेद्य (anivedya) - without informing, without reporting

• गुरवे (gurave) - to the teacher, for the teacher

• इति (iti) - thus, so, indicating a quote

Words meanings and morphology

सः (saḥ) - he, that

(pronoun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of tad

tad - that, he, she, it

एवम् (evam) - thus, in this manner, so

(indeclinable)

उक्तः (uktaḥ) - addressed (by the Aśvins) (spoken, said, addressed)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of ukta

ukta - spoken, said, told

Past Passive Participle

from root vac- (to speak)

Root: vac (class 2)

Note: Acts as a subject complement here, describing 'saḥ'.

प्रत्युवाच (pratyuvāca) - replied, answered

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, perfect (lit) of pratyuvāca

Perfect

from root vac- (to speak) with prefix prati-

Prefix: prati

Root: vac (class 2)

न (na) - not, no

(indeclinable)

अनृतम् (anṛtam) - falsehood, untruth

(noun)

Accusative, neuter, singular of anṛta

anṛta - untrue, false; falsehood, untruth

Compound type : nañ-tatpuruṣa (na+ṛta)

• na – not
  indeclinable
• ṛta – truth, cosmic order
  noun (neuter)

Note: Object of the verb `ūcatuḥ`.

ऊचतुः (ūcatuḥ) - you two (Aśvins) spoke (you two spoke, they two spoke)

(verb)

2nd person , dual, active, perfect (lit) of ūca

Perfect

from root vac- (to speak)

Root: vac (class 2)

Note: The `ḥ` ending indicates the dual form for 2nd or 3rd person perfect. Contextually 2nd person (bhavantau).

भवन्तौ (bhavantau) - you two (polite)

(pronoun)

Nominative, masculine, dual of bhavant

bhavant - your honor, you (polite address)

Present Active Participle

from root bhū- (to be)

Root: bhū (class 1)

Note: Used as a polite second-person dual pronoun.

न (na) - not, no

(indeclinable)

तु (tu) - but, indeed, however

(indeclinable)

अहम् (aham) - I

(pronoun)

Nominative, singular of asmad

asmad - I, we

एतम् (etam) - this, this one

(pronoun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of etad

etad - this

Note: Qualifies `apūpam`.

अपूपम् (apūpam) - cake, sweet cake

(noun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of apūpa

apūpa - cake, bread, sweet cake

Note: Object of `upayoktum`.

उपयोक्तुम् (upayoktum) - to consume (the cake) (to use, to enjoy, to consume)

(indeclinable)

infinitive

from root yuj- with prefix upa-

Prefix: upa

Root: yuj (class 7)

Note: Infinitive expressing purpose or ability.

उत्सहे (utsahe) - I am able (to eat/consume) (I am able, I endeavor, I venture)

(verb)

1st person , singular, middle, present (laṭ) of utsah

Present Indicative

from root sah- with prefix ut-

Prefix: ut

Root: sah (class 1)

अनिवेद्य (anivedya) - without informing, without reporting

(indeclinable)

absolutive (gerund) with negation

from root vid- (to know) in causal (ṇic) with prefix ni-, then the suffix -ya to form the gerund, and finally prefixed by 'a-' for negation

Prefixes: a+ni

Root: vid (class 4)

Note: Gerund (absolutive) indicating an action not performed before the main action.

गुरवे (gurave) - to the teacher, for the teacher

(noun)

Dative, masculine, singular of guru

guru - teacher, preceptor (guru)

Note: The dative case is used with verbs of informing (like `nivedya`).

इति (iti) - thus, so, indicating a quote

(indeclinable)

Note: Signals the end of a direct quote.