महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-1, chapter-3, verse-47

तमुपाध्यायः पीवानमेवापश्यत् ।
उवाच चैनम् ।
भैक्षं नाश्नासि न चान्यच्चरसि ।
पयो न पिबसि ।
पीवानसि ।
केन वृत्तिं कल्पयसीति ॥४७॥

47. tamupādhyāyaḥ pīvānamevāpaśyat ,
uvāca cainam ,
bhaikṣaṁ nāśnāsi na cānyaccarasi ,
payo na pibasi ,
pīvānasi ,
kena vṛttiṁ kalpayasīti.

47. tam upādhyāyaḥ pīvānam eva apaśyat
uvāca ca enam bhaikṣam na aśnāsi
na ca anyat carasi payaḥ na pibasi
pīvān asi kena vṛttim kalpayasi iti

47. The teacher saw him and noticed he was stout. He then asked him, "You don't eat alms-food, nor do you subsist on anything else. You don't drink milk. Yet, you are stout. How do you manage to live?"

Words meanings summery:

• तम् (tam) - him (referring to the student) (him, that)

• उपाध्यायः (upādhyāyaḥ) - the teacher (Gautama) (teacher, preceptor)

• पीवानम् (pīvānam) - stout (fat, stout, plump)

• एव (eva) - indeed (emphasizing the observation) (indeed, only, just, certainly)

• अपश्यत् (apaśyat) - he saw

• उवाच (uvāca) - he said

• च (ca) - and (and, also)

• एनम् (enam) - him (the student) (him)

• भैक्षम् (bhaikṣam) - alms-food (alms, begged food)

• न (na) - not (not, no)

• अश्नासि (aśnāsi) - you eat

• न (na) - not (not, no)

• च (ca) - nor (and, also)

• अन्यत् (anyat) - anything else (other, another, different)

• चरसि (carasi) - you subsist (on), you live (on) (you move, you graze, you live on)

• पयः (payaḥ) - milk (milk, water)

• न (na) - not (not, no)

• पिबसि (pibasi) - you drink

• पीवान् (pīvān) - stout (fat, stout)

• असि (asi) - you are

• केन (kena) - by what means (by what, by whom)

• वृत्तिम् (vṛttim) - livelihood (livelihood, course of conduct, existence)

• कल्पयसि (kalpayasi) - you maintain (your livelihood) (you arrange, you prepare, you manage, you maintain)

• इति (iti) - indicating the end of the teacher's statement (thus, so, end of quote)

Words meanings and morphology

तम् (tam) - him (referring to the student) (him, that)

(pronoun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of tad

tad - that, he, she, it

उपाध्यायः (upādhyāyaḥ) - the teacher (Gautama) (teacher, preceptor)

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of upādhyāya

upādhyāya - teacher, preceptor, tutor

Derived from upa- + adhyā (adhi-i-), one who sits near to teach or learn

Prefix: upa

Root: i (class 2)

पीवानम् (pīvānam) - stout (fat, stout, plump)

(adjective)

Accusative, masculine, singular of pīvan

pīvan - fat, stout, plump

Note: Object of apaśyat.

एव (eva) - indeed (emphasizing the observation) (indeed, only, just, certainly)

(indeclinable)

Note: Emphatic particle.

अपश्यत् (apaśyat) - he saw

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, past imperfect (laṅ) of dṛś

Root: dṛś (class 1)

Note: Augmented past tense.

उवाच (uvāca) - he said

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, perfect (lit) of vac

Root: vac (class 2)

च (ca) - and (and, also)

(indeclinable)

एनम् (enam) - him (the student) (him)

(pronoun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of enad

enad - this, that, he, him (emphatic, used after a word)

Note: Often used post-positively.

भैक्षम् (bhaikṣam) - alms-food (alms, begged food)

(noun)

Accusative, neuter, singular of bhaikṣa

bhaikṣa - alms, begged food, mendicancy

Derived from bhikṣā (alms)

Note: Object of aśnāsi.

न (na) - not (not, no)

(indeclinable)

अश्नासि (aśnāsi) - you eat

(verb)

2nd person , singular, active, present (laṭ) of aś

Root: aś (class 9)

Note: From root aś (Class 9).

न (na) - not (not, no)

(indeclinable)

च (ca) - nor (and, also)

(indeclinable)

अन्यत् (anyat) - anything else (other, another, different)

(pronoun)

Accusative, neuter, singular of anya

anya - other, another, different

Note: Object of carasi.

चरसि (carasi) - you subsist (on), you live (on) (you move, you graze, you live on)

(verb)

2nd person , singular, active, present (laṭ) of car

Root: car (class 1)

पयः (payaḥ) - milk (milk, water)

(noun)

Accusative, neuter, singular of payas

payas - milk, water, drink

Note: Object of pibasi.

न (na) - not (not, no)

(indeclinable)

पिबसि (pibasi) - you drink

(verb)

2nd person , singular, active, present (laṭ) of pā

Root: pā (class 1)

पीवान् (pīvān) - stout (fat, stout)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of pīvan

pīvan - fat, stout, plump

Note: Predicate adjective for asi.

असि (asi) - you are

(verb)

2nd person , singular, active, present (laṭ) of as

Root: as (class 2)

केन (kena) - by what means (by what, by whom)

(pronoun)

Instrumental, singular of kim

kim - what, which, who, why

वृत्तिम् (vṛttim) - livelihood (livelihood, course of conduct, existence)

(noun)

Accusative, feminine, singular of vṛtti

vṛtti - livelihood, conduct, state, commentary

action noun

From root vṛt 'to be, exist'

Root: vṛt (class 1)

Note: Object of kalpayasi.

कल्पयसि (kalpayasi) - you maintain (your livelihood) (you arrange, you prepare, you manage, you maintain)

(verb)

2nd person , singular, active, present (laṭ) of kḷp

causative/denominative (kalpaya)

Root: kḷp (class 10)

Note: Root kḷp (class 10 kalpayati or causative from class 1 kḷpyate).

इति (iti) - indicating the end of the teacher's statement (thus, so, end of quote)

(indeclinable)