महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-1, chapter-3, verse-5

तं माता प्रत्युवाच ।
व्यक्तं त्वया तत्रापराद्धं येनास्यभिहत इति ॥५॥

5. taṁ mātā pratyuvāca ,
vyaktaṁ tvayā tatrāparāddhaṁ yenāsyabhihata iti.

5. tam mātā pratyuvāca | vyaktaṃ tvayā
tatra aparāddhaṃ yena asya abhihata iti

5. His mother replied, "Clearly, you must have committed an offense there, as a result of which he was beaten."

Words meanings summery:

• तम् (tam) - him (the dog) (him, that)

• माता (mātā) - the mother (of the dog) (mother)

• प्रत्युवाच (pratyuvāca) - replied (replied, spoke back)

• व्यक्तं (vyaktaṁ) - clearly (clearly, evidently, manifest)

• त्वया (tvayā) - by you

• तत्र (tatra) - there (at the place where the dog was beaten) (there, in that place)

• अपराद्धं (aparāddhaṁ) - an offense committed (offended, wronged, sinned)

• येन (yena) - by which (reason), as a result of which (by which, because of whom/which)

• अस्य (asya) - of him (the dog) (of him, of this)

• अभिहत (abhihata) - was beaten (struck, beaten)

• इति (iti) - marks the end of direct speech (thus, so, indicating direct speech)

Words meanings and morphology

तम् (tam) - him (the dog) (him, that)

(pronoun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of tad

tad - that, he, she, it

माता (mātā) - the mother (of the dog) (mother)

(noun)

Nominative, feminine, singular of mātṛ

mātṛ - mother

प्रत्युवाच (pratyuvāca) - replied (replied, spoke back)

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, past perfect (liṭ) of prati-√vac

Prefix: prati

Root: √vac (class 2)

Note: From prati + uvāca (perfect of √vac)

व्यक्तं (vyaktaṁ) - clearly (clearly, evidently, manifest)

(indeclinable)

past passive participle

from √añj (to anoint, make clear) with vi, ā

Prefixes: vi+ā

Root: √añj (class 7)

Note: Adverbial usage of neuter past participle.

त्वया (tvayā) - by you

(pronoun)

Instrumental, singular of yuṣmad

yuṣmad - you

तत्र (tatra) - there (at the place where the dog was beaten) (there, in that place)

(indeclinable)

suffix -tra added to tad

Note: Locative adverb

अपराद्धं (aparāddhaṁ) - an offense committed (offended, wronged, sinned)

(noun)

Nominative, neuter, singular of aparāddha

aparāddha - offended, wronged, sinned, failed

past passive participle

from apā + √rādh (to succeed, injure)

Prefixes: apā+rādh

Root: √rādh (class 4)

Note: Syntactically treated as a noun (the offense).

येन (yena) - by which (reason), as a result of which (by which, because of whom/which)

(pronoun)

Instrumental, masculine, singular of yad

yad - which, who

Note: Used to introduce a causal clause.

अस्य (asya) - of him (the dog) (of him, of this)

(pronoun)

Genitive, masculine, singular of idam

idam - this, he, she, it

Note: Refers to the dog.

अभिहत (abhihata) - was beaten (struck, beaten)

(nominal form)

Nominative, masculine, singular of abhihata

abhihata - struck, beaten, smitten

past passive participle

from abhi + √han (to strike, kill)

Prefix: abhi

Root: √han (class 2)

Note: Functions as a predicate here (he was struck).

इति (iti) - marks the end of direct speech (thus, so, indicating direct speech)

(indeclinable)