महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-12, chapter-308, verse-81

ज्ञानं ज्ञेयेषु भिन्नेषु यथाभेदेन वर्तते ।
तत्रातिशयिनी बुद्धिस्तत्सौक्ष्म्यमिति वर्तते ॥८१॥

81. jñānaṁ jñeyeṣu bhinneṣu yathābhedena vartate ,
tatrātiśayinī buddhistatsaukṣmyamiti vartate.

81. jñānam jñeyesu bhinneṣu yathā abhedena vartate
tatra atiśayinī buddhiḥ tat saukṣmyam iti vartate

81. yathā jñānam bhinneṣu jñeyesu abhedena vartate,
tatra atiśayinī buddhiḥ tat saukṣmyam iti vartate.

81. When knowledge operates without differentiation amidst distinct objects of knowledge, the intellect (buddhi) that is exceptionally capable in that situation is defined as subtlety (saukṣmya).

Words meanings summery:

• ज्ञानम् (jñānam) - knowledge (as a cognitive faculty) (knowledge, understanding)

• ज्ञेयेसु (jñeyesu) - among distinct objects of knowledge (in knowable objects, among things to be known)

• भिन्नेषु (bhinneṣu) - in distinct (knowable objects) (in distinct, in separated)

• यथा (yathā) - just as (introducing a comparison) (as, just as, according to)

• अभेदेन (abhedena) - without distinction (without distinction, without difference)

• वर्तते (vartate) - functions (knowledge functions) (exists, functions, proceeds)

• तत्र (tatra) - in that situation (when knowledge functions non-distinctly) (there, in that, in that case)

• अतिशयिनी (atiśayinī) - excelling (intellect) (excelling, pre-eminent, superior)

• बुद्धिः (buddhiḥ) - intellect (as a faculty of mind) (intellect, understanding, perception)

• तत् (tat) - that (refers to the excelling intellect) (that)

• सौक्ष्म्यम् (saukṣmyam) - subtlety (as the definition of the excelling intellect) (subtlety, minuteness)

• इति (iti) - thus, indicating a definition (thus, so, in this way)

• वर्तते (vartate) - is called (that subtlety) (is, exists, is called)

Words meanings and morphology

ज्ञानम् (jñānam) - knowledge (as a cognitive faculty) (knowledge, understanding)

(noun)

Nominative, neuter, singular of jñāna

jñāna - knowledge, wisdom, understanding, realization

From root √jñā (to know) + ana suffix.

Root: jñā (class 9)

ज्ञेयेसु (jñeyesu) - among distinct objects of knowledge (in knowable objects, among things to be known)

(noun)

Locative, neuter, plural of jñeya

jñeya - knowable, to be known, object of knowledge

Gerundive (Potential Passive Participle)

From root √jñā (to know) + ya suffix.

Root: jñā (class 9)

भिन्नेषु (bhinneṣu) - in distinct (knowable objects) (in distinct, in separated)

(adjective)

Locative, neuter, plural of bhinna

bhinna - broken, split, separated, distinct, different

Past Passive Participle

From root √bhid (to split, break) + kta suffix.

Root: bhid (class 7)

Note: Qualifies 'jñeyesu'.

यथा (yathā) - just as (introducing a comparison) (as, just as, according to)

(indeclinable)

Adverbial.

Note: Introduces the correlative 'tatra'.

अभेदेन (abhedena) - without distinction (without distinction, without difference)

(noun)

Instrumental, masculine, singular of abheda

abheda - non-distinction, identity, non-difference

From a- (not) + bheda (difference).

Compound type : nañ-tatpuruṣa (a+bheda)

• a – not, non-
  indeclinable
• bheda – difference, distinction, split
  noun (masculine)
  From root √bhid.
  Root: bhid (class 7)

Note: Adverbially used 'by means of non-distinction'.

वर्तते (vartate) - functions (knowledge functions) (exists, functions, proceeds)

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, present (lat) of vṛt

Present Middle

3rd person singular, Present Tense, Middle Voice, lat lakara.

Root: vṛt (class 1)

तत्र (tatra) - in that situation (when knowledge functions non-distinctly) (there, in that, in that case)

(indeclinable)

Adverb derived from tad (that) + tral suffix.

Note: Correlative to 'yathā'.

अतिशयिनी (atiśayinī) - excelling (intellect) (excelling, pre-eminent, superior)

(adjective)

Nominative, feminine, singular of atiśayin

atiśayin - excelling, surpassing, pre-eminent, abundant

Active Participle

From ati-√śī (to excel, surpass) + ini suffix (feminine inī).

Prefix: ati

Root: śī (class 2)

Note: Modifying 'buddhiḥ'.

बुद्धिः (buddhiḥ) - intellect (as a faculty of mind) (intellect, understanding, perception)

(noun)

Nominative, feminine, singular of buddhi

buddhi - intellect, understanding, perception, mind

From root √budh (to know, perceive).

Root: budh (class 1)

तत् (tat) - that (refers to the excelling intellect) (that)

(pronoun)

Nominative, neuter, singular of tad

tad - that, it

Demonstrative pronoun.

Note: Refers to the entire concept of the 'atiśayinī buddhiḥ' as 'saukṣmyam'.

सौक्ष्म्यम् (saukṣmyam) - subtlety (as the definition of the excelling intellect) (subtlety, minuteness)

(noun)

Nominative, neuter, singular of saukṣmya

saukṣmya - subtlety, minuteness, fineness

From sūkṣma + ṣyañ.

इति (iti) - thus, indicating a definition (thus, so, in this way)

(indeclinable)

वर्तते (vartate) - is called (that subtlety) (is, exists, is called)

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, present (lat) of vṛt

Present Middle

3rd person singular, Present Tense, Middle Voice, lat lakara.

Root: vṛt (class 1)

Note: Here, it means 'is considered' or 'is called'.