मनु-स्मृतिः
manu-smṛtiḥ
-
chapter-4, verse-8
चतुर्णामपि चैतेषां द्विजानां गृहमेधिनाम ।
ज्यायान परः परो ज्ञेयो धर्मतो लोकजित्तमः ॥८॥
ज्यायान परः परो ज्ञेयो धर्मतो लोकजित्तमः ॥८॥
8. caturṇāmapi caiteṣāṁ dvijānāṁ gṛhamedhinām ,
jyāyān paraḥ paro jñeyo dharmato lokajittamaḥ.
jyāyān paraḥ paro jñeyo dharmato lokajittamaḥ.
8.
catūrṇāmapi caitēṣāṃ dvijānāṃ gr̥hamedhinām
jyāyān paraḥ paraḥ jñēyo dharmato lokajittamaḥ
jyāyān paraḥ paraḥ jñēyo dharmato lokajittamaḥ
8.
caitēṣāṃ caturṇām api dvijānām gr̥hamedhinām
paraḥ jyāyān paraḥ jñēyaḥ dharmataḥ lokajittamaḥ
paraḥ jyāyān paraḥ jñēyaḥ dharmataḥ lokajittamaḥ
8.
Of these four householder twice-born (dvijāḥ), each succeeding one is considered greater than the one before him, in terms of spiritual law (dharma) and in conquering the worlds (lokajit).
Words meanings summery:
(Scroll down for elaborated words morphology)
- चतूर्णामपि (catūrṇāmapi) - Referring to the four types of householders mentioned previously. (of all four also)
- चैतेषां (caitēṣāṁ) - Referring to the specific four types being discussed. (of these)
- द्विजानां (dvijānāṁ) - Referring to members of the three upper social classes (Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas) who have undergone the sacred thread ceremony. (of the twice-born)
- ग्र्̥हमेधिनाम् (gr̥hamedhinām) - Those who maintain a household and family life. (of the householders)
- ज्यायान् (jyāyān) - Indicating a higher status or merit. (greater, superior, elder)
- परः (paraḥ) - Signifying the next or a higher level. (other, another, further, higher)
- परः (paraḥ) - Reinforcing the idea of progression or superiority. (other, another, further, higher)
- ज्ञेयो (jñēyo) - Implying that this superiority is recognized or should be recognized. (to be known, to be understood)
- धर्मतो (dharmato) - In relation to one's duty, righteousness, or natural law (dharma). (from dharma, according to dharma)
- लोकजित्तमः (lokajittamaḥ) - Achieving the highest success in conquering or understanding the various realms or states of existence. (most world-conquering)
Words meanings and morphology
चतूर्णामपि (catūrṇāmapi) - Referring to the four types of householders mentioned previously. (of all four also)
(adjective)
Genitive, masculine, plural of caturna
caturna - four
Genitive plural form of catura (four)
Note: Sandhi: catūrṇām + api = catūrṇāmapi
चैतेषां (caitēṣāṁ) - Referring to the specific four types being discussed. (of these)
(pronoun)
Genitive, masculine, plural of etad
etad - this, these
Genitive plural form of etad
Note: Sandhi: ca + etēṣām = caitēṣām (the 'ca' here means 'and' or 'also', linking to the previous verse)
द्विजानां (dvijānāṁ) - Referring to members of the three upper social classes (Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas) who have undergone the sacred thread ceremony. (of the twice-born)
(noun)
Genitive, masculine, plural of dvija
dvija - twice-born, Brahmin, bird, snake
Compound of dvi (twice) and ja (born)
Compound type : bahuvrīhi (dvi+jan)
- dvi – two, twice
prefix/indeclinable - jan – to be born, to produce
verb
Root related to birth.
Root: jan (class 4)
ग्र्̥हमेधिनाम् (gr̥hamedhinām) - Those who maintain a household and family life. (of the householders)
(noun)
Genitive, masculine, plural of gr̥hamedhin
gr̥hamedhin - householder, master of a house
Compound of gr̥ha (house) and medhin (possessing, established in)
Compound type : tatpurusha (gr̥ha+medhin)
- gr̥ha – house, home
noun (neuter) - medhin – possessing, established in, wealthy
adjective/noun (masculine)
Possibly related to madh (to be exhilarated) or madi (to be glad) in sense of being established or prosperous.
ज्यायान् (jyāyān) - Indicating a higher status or merit. (greater, superior, elder)
(adjective)
Nominative, masculine, singular of jyāyas
jyāyas - greater, superior, elder
Comparative form of 'juṣ' (to be pleased) or related roots implying excellence.
परः (paraḥ) - Signifying the next or a higher level. (other, another, further, higher)
(adjective)
Nominative, masculine, singular of para
para - other, another, far, beyond, highest, supreme
परः (paraḥ) - Reinforcing the idea of progression or superiority. (other, another, further, higher)
(adjective)
Nominative, masculine, singular of para
para - other, another, far, beyond, highest, supreme
ज्ञेयो (jñēyo) - Implying that this superiority is recognized or should be recognized. (to be known, to be understood)
(adjective)
Nominative, masculine, singular of jñā
jñā - to know, to understand
Gerundive
Gerundive (1st person singular of the passive participle) - to be known
Root: jñā (class 2)
Note: Ending in -o after visarga due to sandhi (visarga to o before voiced consonant/vowel).
धर्मतो (dharmato) - In relation to one's duty, righteousness, or natural law (dharma). (from dharma, according to dharma)
(noun)
Ablative, masculine, singular of dharma
dharma - duty, righteousness, law, nature, characteristic, virtue, religion
Derived from the root 'dhṛ' (to hold, to support)
Root: dhṛ
Note: The -taḥ ending indicates 'from' or 'by means of'.
लोकजित्तमः (lokajittamaḥ) - Achieving the highest success in conquering or understanding the various realms or states of existence. (most world-conquering)
(noun)
Nominative, masculine, singular of lokajittama
lokajittama - most world-conquering, one who conquers the worlds to the highest degree
Superlative form of lokajit (world-conqueror), itself a compound of loka (world) and jit (conqueror)
Compound type : superlative (loka+jit+tama)
- loka – world, realm, people
noun (masculine) - jit – conqueror, winning
noun/participle (masculine)
Past Active Participle
From the root 'ji' (to conquer)
Root: ji (class 1) - tama – most (superlative suffix)
indeclinable
Note: Ending in -ḥ due to standard nominative singular masculine ending.