महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-8, chapter-24, verse-5

तप उग्रं समास्थाय नियमे परमे स्थिताः ।
तपसा कर्शयामासुर्देहान्स्वाञ्शत्रुतापन ॥५॥

5. tapa ugraṁ samāsthāya niyame parame sthitāḥ ,
tapasā karśayāmāsurdehānsvāñśatrutāpana.

5. tapaḥ ugram samāsthāya niyame parame sthitāḥ
tapasā karśayām āsuḥ dehān svān śatrutāpana

5. śatrutāpana,
ugram tapaḥ samāsthāya,
parame niyame sthitāḥ,
tapasā svān dehān karśayām āsuḥ.

5. O tormentor of enemies, having undertaken severe asceticism (tapas) and established themselves in supreme self-restraint (niyama), they emaciated their own bodies through that asceticism (tapas).

Words meanings summery:

• तपः (tapaḥ) - austerity, penance, asceticism

• उग्रम् (ugram) - severe, fierce, terrible, mighty

• समास्थाय (samāsthāya) - having undertaken, having resorted to, having adopted

• नियमे (niyame) - in a state of self-restraint (in self-restraint, in rule, in regulation)

• परमे (parame) - in the highest, in the supreme, in the best

• स्थिताः (sthitāḥ) - established, situated, standing

• तपसा (tapasā) - by austerity, by penance, through asceticism

• कर्शयाम् (karśayām) - caused to emaciate, made lean

• आसुः (āsuḥ) - they did (as an auxiliary for periphrastic perfect) (they were, they became)

• देहान् (dehān) - bodies

• स्वान् (svān) - own, their own

• शत्रुतापन (śatrutāpana) - O tormentor of enemies, O afflictor of foes

Words meanings and morphology

तपः (tapaḥ) - austerity, penance, asceticism

(noun)

Accusative, neuter, singular of tapas

tapas - austerity, penance, religious mortification, ascetic practice, heat, spiritual power

Note: Can be accusative singular or nominative singular. Context indicates accusative here as object of 'samāsthāya'.

उग्रम् (ugram) - severe, fierce, terrible, mighty

(adjective)

Accusative, neuter, singular of ugra

ugra - fierce, severe, terrible, mighty, potent

Note: Agrees with 'tapas'.

समास्थाय (samāsthāya) - having undertaken, having resorted to, having adopted

(indeclinable)

Absolutive (Gerund)

Derived from root sthā (to stand, to be firm) with upasargas sam- and ā-

Prefixes: sam+ā

Root: sthā (class 1)

नियमे (niyame) - in a state of self-restraint (in self-restraint, in rule, in regulation)

(noun)

Locative, masculine, singular of niyama

niyama - self-restraint, rule, regulation, discipline, restriction

Prefix: ni

Root: yam (class 1)

परमे (parame) - in the highest, in the supreme, in the best

(adjective)

Locative, masculine, singular of parama

parama - highest, supreme, best, ultimate

Note: Agrees with 'niyame'.

स्थिताः (sthitāḥ) - established, situated, standing

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, plural of sthita

sthita - standing, situated, established, firm, stable

Past Passive Participle

Derived from root sthā (to stand)

Root: sthā (class 1)

Note: Refers to the implied subject of the sentence (they).

तपसा (tapasā) - by austerity, by penance, through asceticism

(noun)

Instrumental, neuter, singular of tapas

tapas - austerity, penance, religious mortification, ascetic practice, heat, spiritual power

कर्शयाम् (karśayām) - caused to emaciate, made lean

(verb)

active

Causative stem

From root kṛś (to be lean/thin)

Root: kṛś (class 1)

Note: This is part of the periphrastic perfect karśayām āsuḥ. The 'ām' indicates the stem used for this construction.

आसुः (āsuḥ) - they did (as an auxiliary for periphrastic perfect) (they were, they became)

(verb)

3rd person , plural, active, Perfect (lit) of as

Root: as (class 2)

Note: Auxiliary verb for periphrastic perfect with 'karśayām'.

देहान् (dehān) - bodies

(noun)

Accusative, masculine, plural of deha

deha - body, form, physical frame

Note: Object of 'karśayām āsuḥ'.

स्वान् (svān) - own, their own

(pronoun)

Accusative, masculine, plural of sva

sva - one's own, self, kin, property

Note: Agrees with 'dehān'.

शत्रुतापन (śatrutāpana) - O tormentor of enemies, O afflictor of foes

(compound noun)

Compound type : tatpurusha (śatru+tāpana)

• śatru – enemy, foe, rival
  noun (masculine)
• tāpana – heating, burning, tormenting, afflicting
  noun (masculine)
  Agent noun/Adjective
  From root tap (to heat, to torment)
  Root: tap (class 1)