महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-10, chapter-8, verse-54

अताडयच्छतानीकं मुक्तचक्रं द्विजस्तु सः ।
स विह्वलो ययौ भूमिं ततोऽस्यापाहरच्छिरः ॥५४॥

54. atāḍayacchatānīkaṁ muktacakraṁ dvijastu saḥ ,
sa vihvalo yayau bhūmiṁ tato'syāpāharacchiraḥ.

54. अताडयत् शतानीकम् मुक्तचक्रम् द्विजः तु सः
सः विह्वलः ययौ भूमिम् ततः अस्य अपाहरत् शिरः

54. सः द्विजः तु मुक्तचक्रम् शतानीकम् अताडयत्
सः विह्वलः भूमिम् ययौ ततः अस्य शिरः अपाहरत्

54. But that Brahmin (Aśvatthāman) struck Śatānīka, who had lost his wheel. Bewildered, he (Śatānīka) fell to the ground. Then (Aśvatthāman) cut off his head.

Words meanings summery:

• अताडयत् (atāḍayat) - struck, beat

• शतानीकम् (śatānīkam) - the son of Nakula, who is being struck (Śatānīka)

• मुक्तचक्रम् (muktacakram) - describing Śatānīka, whose chariot wheel was either dropped or broken (whose wheel is released, having released the wheel, having lost the wheel)

• द्विजः (dvijaḥ) - the Brahmin Aśvatthāman (son of Droṇa) (twice-born (Brahmin, bird, tooth, snake))

• तु (tu) - indeed, used for emphasis (but, indeed, however)

• सः (saḥ) - refers to the Brahmin (Aśvatthāman) (he, that)

• सः (saḥ) - refers to Śatānīka, who was struck (he, that)

• विह्वलः (vihvalaḥ) - describing Śatānīka after being struck (bewildered, agitated, distressed, overcome)

• ययौ (yayau) - fell, collapsed (went)

• भूमिम् (bhūmim) - to the ground (ground, earth, land)

• ततः (tataḥ) - then, subsequently (then, thence, therefore, from that)

• अस्य (asya) - of Śatānīka (his, of him, of this)

• अपाहरत् (apāharat) - cut off (a head) (took away, removed, carried off, stole, cut off)

• शिरः (śiraḥ) - head

Words meanings and morphology

अताडयत् (atāḍayat) - struck, beat

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, past imperfect (laṅ) of taḍ

Imperfect, causal form

Aorist/Imperfect with augment 'a', causative stem 'tāḍay', 3rd person singular active.

Root: taḍ (class 10)

शतानीकम् (śatānīkam) - the son of Nakula, who is being struck (Śatānīka)

(proper noun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of śatānīka

śatānīka - Śatānīka (name of several persons)

मुक्तचक्रम् (muktacakram) - describing Śatānīka, whose chariot wheel was either dropped or broken (whose wheel is released, having released the wheel, having lost the wheel)

(adjective)

Accusative, masculine, singular of muktacakra

muktacakra - whose wheel is loosed/released/lost

Bahuvrihi compound based on a past passive participle.

Compound of mukta (PPP of muc 'to release') and cakra ('wheel').

Compound type : bahuvrīhi (mukta+cakra)

• mukta – released, freed, abandoned
  adjective
  Past Passive Participle
  From root muc (to release), suffix -ta.
  Root: muc (class 6)
• cakra – wheel, disc
  noun (neuter)
  Root: kṛ (class 8)

Note: Agrees with Śatānīkam.

द्विजः (dvijaḥ) - the Brahmin Aśvatthāman (son of Droṇa) (twice-born (Brahmin, bird, tooth, snake))

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of dvija

dvija - twice-born (Brahmin, bird, tooth, snake)

Compound of dvi ('two') and ja ('born').

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (dvi+ja)

• dvi – two
  numeral
• ja – born, produced from
  adjective
  From root jan (to be born).
  Root: jan (class 4)

Note: Subject of 'atāḍayat'.

तु (tu) - indeed, used for emphasis (but, indeed, however)

(indeclinable)

सः (saḥ) - refers to the Brahmin (Aśvatthāman) (he, that)

(pronoun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of tad

tad - that, he, she, it

Note: Subject pronoun, refers to dvija.

सः (saḥ) - refers to Śatānīka, who was struck (he, that)

(pronoun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of tad

tad - that, he, she, it

Note: Subject pronoun for the second part of the verse, refers to Śatānīka.

विह्वलः (vihvalaḥ) - describing Śatānīka after being struck (bewildered, agitated, distressed, overcome)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of vihvala

vihvala - bewildered, agitated, distressed, overcome, unsteady

From vi- + hvṛ (to bend, stagger)

Prefix: vi

Root: hvṛ (class 1)

Note: Agrees with 'saḥ' (Śatānīka).

ययौ (yayau) - fell, collapsed (went)

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, past perfect (liṭ) of yā

Perfect tense (Liṭ), 3rd person singular active

Reduplicated perfect from root yā-

Root: yā (class 2)

भूमिम् (bhūmim) - to the ground (ground, earth, land)

(noun)

Accusative, feminine, singular of bhūmi

bhūmi - earth, ground, land, soil

Root: bhū (class 1)

Note: Object of motion 'yā'.

ततः (tataḥ) - then, subsequently (then, thence, therefore, from that)

(indeclinable)

Derived from the pronoun tad with the suffix -tas.

अस्य (asya) - of Śatānīka (his, of him, of this)

(pronoun)

Genitive, masculine, singular of idam

idam - this, he, she, it

अपाहरत् (apāharat) - cut off (a head) (took away, removed, carried off, stole, cut off)

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, past imperfect (laṅ) of apahṛ

Imperfect tense, 3rd person singular active

Aorist/Imperfect with augment 'a', prefix 'apa', root 'hṛ', 3rd person singular active.

Prefix: apa

Root: hṛ (class 1)

शिरः (śiraḥ) - head

(noun)

Accusative, neuter, singular of śiras

śiras - head, skull, top, summit

Root: śṝ (class 9)

Note: Object of 'apāharat'.