मनु-स्मृतिः
manu-smṛtiḥ
-
chapter-3, verse-239
चाण्डालश्च वराहश्च कुक्कुटः श्वा तथैव च ।
रजस्वला च षण्ढश्च नैक्षेरन्नश्नतो द्विजान ॥२३९॥
रजस्वला च षण्ढश्च नैक्षेरन्नश्नतो द्विजान ॥२३९॥
239. cāṇḍālaśca varāhaśca kukkuṭaḥ śvā tathaiva ca ,
rajasvalā ca ṣaṇḍhaśca naikṣerannaśnato dvijān.
rajasvalā ca ṣaṇḍhaśca naikṣerannaśnato dvijān.
239.
cāṇḍālaś ca varāhaś ca kukkuṭaḥ śvā tathaiva ca |
rajasvalā ca ṣaṇḍhaś ca naikṣeran aśnataḥ dvijān
rajasvalā ca ṣaṇḍhaś ca naikṣeran aśnataḥ dvijān
239.
cāṇḍālaḥ ca varāhaḥ ca kukkuṭaḥ śvā ca tathaiva
ṣaṇḍhaḥ ca rajasvalā ca aśnataḥ dvijān na aikṣeran
ṣaṇḍhaḥ ca rajasvalā ca aśnataḥ dvijān na aikṣeran
239.
A caṇḍāla, a boar, a dog, a eunuch, and a menstruating woman should not eat with or look at (or disturb) those who are eating, nor should a Brahmin.
Words meanings summery:
(Scroll down for elaborated words morphology)
- चाण्डालः (cāṇḍālaḥ) - a caṇḍāla (outcast)
- च (ca) - and
- वराहः (varāhaḥ) - boar
- च (ca) - and
- कुक्कुटः (kukkuṭaḥ) - dog (rooster, hen)
- श्वा (śvā) - dog
- तथैव (tathaiva) - and likewise (and so also, likewise)
- च (ca) - and
- रजस्वला (rajasvalā) - a menstruating woman
- च (ca) - and
- षण्ढः (ṣaṇḍhaḥ) - eunuch (eunuch, impotent person)
- च (ca) - and
- न (na) - not
- ऐक्षेरन् (aikṣeran) - should look at or approach (should look at, should approach)
- अश्नतः (aśnataḥ) - eating
- द्विजान् (dvijān) - Brahmins (since the verse is about purity in eating) (twice-born ones (Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas))
Words meanings and morphology
चाण्डालः (cāṇḍālaḥ) - a caṇḍāla (outcast)
(noun)
Nominative, masculine, singular of cāṇḍāla
cāṇḍāla - a member of the lowest caste, an outcast
च (ca) - and
(indeclinable)
Note: Sandhi: cāṇḍālaḥ + ca = cāṇḍālaśca (internal)
वराहः (varāhaḥ) - boar
(noun)
Nominative, masculine, singular of varāha
varāha - boar, hog
च (ca) - and
(indeclinable)
Note: Sandhi: varāhaḥ + ca = varāhaśca (internal)
कुक्कुटः (kukkuṭaḥ) - dog (rooster, hen)
(noun)
Nominative, masculine, singular of kukkuṭa
kukkuṭa - rooster, hen, dog (in some contexts)
श्वा (śvā) - dog
(noun)
Nominative, masculine, singular of śvan
śvan - dog
तथैव (tathaiva) - and likewise (and so also, likewise)
(indeclinable)
compound of *tat* (that) and *iva* (like).
Note: Sandhi: śvā + tathaiva = śvāthathaiva (internal)
च (ca) - and
(indeclinable)
रजस्वला (rajasvalā) - a menstruating woman
(noun)
Nominative, feminine, singular of rajasvalā
rajasvalā - a menstruating woman
compound of *rajas* (menstruation) and *valā* (possessing).
Compound type : tatpurusha (rajas+valā)
- rajas – dust, pollen, menstruation
noun (neuter) - valā – having, possessing
indeclinable
related to *val* (to cover or roll), used here as a suffix indicating possession.
Root: val (class 1)
च (ca) - and
(indeclinable)
षण्ढः (ṣaṇḍhaḥ) - eunuch (eunuch, impotent person)
(noun)
Nominative, masculine, singular of ṣaṇḍha
ṣaṇḍha - eunuch, impotent person, bull
च (ca) - and
(indeclinable)
न (na) - not
(indeclinable)
ऐक्षेरन् (aikṣeran) - should look at or approach (should look at, should approach)
(verb)
3rd person , plural, active, potential (siṅ) of īkṣ
Potential Mood
Root is *īkṣ* (to see). Si liṅ (potential mood), 3rd person plural active.
Root: īkṣ (class 1)
Note: Sandhi: na + aikṣeran = naikṣeran (internal)
अश्नतः (aśnataḥ) - eating
(noun)
Genitive, masculine, singular of aśat
aśat - eating
Present Participle
Present participle of *aś* (to eat).
Root: aś (class 2)
द्विजान् (dvijān) - Brahmins (since the verse is about purity in eating) (twice-born ones (Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas))
(noun)
Accusative, masculine, plural of dvija
dvija - twice-born (Brahmin, Kshatriya, Vaishya), bird, tooth, twice-born
compound of *dvi* (twice) and *jan* (to be born).
Compound type : tatpurusha (dvi+ja)
- dvi – two
numeral - ja – born
indeclinable
Past Passive Participle
from root *jan* (to be born).
Root: jan (class 4)