महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-1, chapter-1, verse-158

कष्टं युद्धे दश शेषाः श्रुता मे त्रयोऽस्माकं पाण्डवानां च सप्त ।
द्व्यूना विंशतिराहताक्षौहिणीनां तस्मिन्संग्रामे विग्रहे क्षत्रियाणाम् ॥१५८॥

158. kaṣṭaṁ yuddhe daśa śeṣāḥ śrutā me; trayo'smākaṁ pāṇḍavānāṁ ca sapta ,
dvyūnā viṁśatirāhatākṣauhiṇīnāṁ; tasminsaṁgrāme vigrahe kṣatriyāṇām.

158. kaṣṭam yuddhe daśa śeṣāḥ śrutā me
trayaḥ asmākam pāṇḍavānām ca sapta
| dvyūnā viṃśatiḥ āhatākṣauhiṇīnām
tasmin saṃgrāme vigrahe kṣatriyāṇām

158. Alas, in this war, I heard that only ten remained alive: three from our side and seven from the Pāṇḍavas' side. Eighteen akṣauhiṇīs of kṣatriyas were slain in that great conflict.

158. כמה כואב! שמעתי שבקרב נותרו בחיים רק עשרה, שלושה משלנו ושבעה מהפָּאנְדַוַה. שמונה עשר אַקְשַׁאוּהִינִי (יחידות צבא) נהרגו באותו קרב, במלחמת בני מעמד הלוחמים.

Words meanings summery:

• कष्टम् (kaṣṭam) - alas, what a misfortune (alas, lamentable, difficult)

• युद्धे (yuddhe) - in this war/battle (in the battle)

• दश (daśa) - ten

• शेषाः (śeṣāḥ) - survivors, those who remained alive (remaining, survivors, remainder)

• श्रुता (śrutā) - heard (by me) (heard, listened)

• मे (me) - by me (dative of agent with passive participle) (by me, to me, my)

• त्रयः (trayaḥ) - three (survivors) (three)

• अस्माकम् (asmākam) - from our side (Kauravas) (of us, our)

• पाण्डवानाम् (pāṇḍavānām) - of the Pāṇḍavas (of the sons of Pāṇḍu, of the Pāṇḍavas)

• च (ca) - and (and, also)

• सप्त (sapta) - seven (survivors) (seven)

• द्व्यूना (dvyūnā) - lacking two (from twenty) (diminished by two, lacking two)

• विंशतिः (viṁśatiḥ) - twenty (armies) (twenty)

• आहताक्षौहिणीनाम् (āhatākṣauhiṇīnām) - of the slain akṣauhiṇīs (of the slaughtered akṣauhiṇīs)

• तस्मिन् (tasmin) - in that (specific) (in that)

• संग्रामे (saṁgrāme) - in that war (in the battle, in the war)

• विग्रहे (vigrahe) - in that conflict (in the conflict, in the war)

• क्षत्रियाणाम् (kṣatriyāṇām) - of the kṣatriya warriors (of the kṣatriyas, of the warriors)

Words meanings and morphology

कष्टम् (kaṣṭam) - alas, what a misfortune (alas, lamentable, difficult)

(indeclinable)

Note: Used here as an exclamation of sorrow.

युद्धे (yuddhe) - in this war/battle (in the battle)

(noun)

Locative, neuter, singular of yuddha

yuddha - fight, battle, war

Root: yudh (class 4)

दश (daśa) - ten

(numeral)

Note: Functions as an adjective here for śeṣāḥ.

शेषाः (śeṣāḥ) - survivors, those who remained alive (remaining, survivors, remainder)

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, plural of śeṣa

śeṣa - remainder, rest, surplus, residual; remaining, left

Root: śiṣ (class 7)

Note: Refers to living beings.

श्रुता (śrutā) - heard (by me) (heard, listened)

(participle)

Nominative, masculine, plural of śruta

śruta - heard, listened, learned, famous; knowledge, sacred text

past passive participle

from root śru + kta

Root: śru (class 5)

Note: Agrees with 'śeṣāḥ' (implied subject of being heard).

मे (me) - by me (dative of agent with passive participle) (by me, to me, my)

(pronoun)

singular of aham

aham - I

Note: Enclitic form of the pronoun 'aham', used here as dative of agent.

त्रयः (trayaḥ) - three (survivors) (three)

(numeral)

Note: Refers to male survivors.

अस्माकम् (asmākam) - from our side (Kauravas) (of us, our)

(pronoun)

Genitive, plural of aham

aham - I

Note: Refers to Dhṛtarāṣṭra's side (Kauravas).

पाण्डवानाम् (pāṇḍavānām) - of the Pāṇḍavas (of the sons of Pāṇḍu, of the Pāṇḍavas)

(noun)

Genitive, masculine, plural of pāṇḍava

pāṇḍava - descendant of Pāṇḍu, Pāṇḍava

च (ca) - and (and, also)

(indeclinable)

सप्त (sapta) - seven (survivors) (seven)

(numeral)

Note: Functions as an adjective here for implied śeṣāḥ.

द्व्यूना (dvyūnā) - lacking two (from twenty) (diminished by two, lacking two)

(adjective)

Nominative, feminine, singular of dvyūna

dvyūna - minus two, diminished by two

Compound type : bahuvrihi (dvi+ūna)

• dvi – two
  numeral
• ūna – deficient, less, lacking
  adjective (masculine)

Note: Qualifies 'viṃśatiḥ'.

विंशतिः (viṁśatiḥ) - twenty (armies) (twenty)

(numeral)

Note: Refers to the count of akṣauhiṇīs.

आहताक्षौहिणीनाम् (āhatākṣauhiṇīnām) - of the slain akṣauhiṇīs (of the slaughtered akṣauhiṇīs)

(noun)

Genitive, feminine, plural of āhatākṣauhiṇī

āhatākṣauhiṇī - a slain akṣauhiṇī (army)

Compound type : tatpurusha (āhata+akṣauhiṇī)

• āhata – struck, killed, injured
  participle (masculine)
  past passive participle
  from ā-han + kta
  Prefix: ā
  Root: han (class 2)
• akṣauhiṇī – a large army (said to consist of 21,870 chariots, 21,870 elephants, 65,610 horses and 109,350 foot-soldiers)
  noun (feminine)

Note: Refers to the total number of destroyed armies.

तस्मिन् (tasmin) - in that (specific) (in that)

(pronoun)

Locative, masculine, singular of tad

tad - that, he, she, it

Note: Agrees with 'saṃgrāme' and 'vigrahe'.

संग्रामे (saṁgrāme) - in that war (in the battle, in the war)

(noun)

Locative, masculine, singular of saṃgrāma

saṁgrāma - battle, war, combat

Prefix: sam

Root: gram (class 1)

विग्रहे (vigrahe) - in that conflict (in the conflict, in the war)

(noun)

Locative, masculine, singular of vigraha

vigraha - separation, division, war, fight, quarrel

Prefix: vi

Root: grah (class 9)

Note: Synonym to saṃgrāma.

क्षत्रियाणाम् (kṣatriyāṇām) - of the kṣatriya warriors (of the kṣatriyas, of the warriors)

(noun)

Genitive, masculine, plural of kṣatriya

kṣatriya - a member of the warrior or ruling class

Note: Refers to the warrior class involved in the war.

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