महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-1, chapter-1, verse-158

कष्टं युद्धे दश शेषाः श्रुता मे त्रयोऽस्माकं पाण्डवानां च सप्त ।
द्व्यूना विंशतिराहताक्षौहिणीनां तस्मिन्संग्रामे विग्रहे क्षत्रियाणाम् ॥१५८॥

158. kaṣṭaṁ yuddhe daśa śeṣāḥ śrutā me; trayo'smākaṁ pāṇḍavānāṁ ca sapta ,
dvyūnā viṁśatirāhatākṣauhiṇīnāṁ; tasminsaṁgrāme vigrahe kṣatriyāṇām.

158. kaṣṭam yuddhe daśa śeṣāḥ śrutā me
trayaḥ asmākam pāṇḍavānām ca sapta
| dvyūnā viṃśatiḥ āhatākṣauhiṇīnām
tasmin saṃgrāme vigrahe kṣatriyāṇām

158. Alas, in this war, I heard that only ten remained alive: three from our side and seven from the Pāṇḍavas' side. Eighteen akṣauhiṇīs of kṣatriyas were slain in that great conflict.

Words meanings summery:

• कष्टम् (kaṣṭam) - alas, what a misfortune (alas, lamentable, difficult)

• युद्धे (yuddhe) - in this war/battle (in the battle)

• दश (daśa) - ten

• शेषाः (śeṣāḥ) - survivors, those who remained alive (remaining, survivors, remainder)

• श्रुता (śrutā) - heard (by me) (heard, listened)

• मे (me) - by me (dative of agent with passive participle) (by me, to me, my)

• त्रयः (trayaḥ) - three (survivors) (three)

• अस्माकम् (asmākam) - from our side (Kauravas) (of us, our)

• पाण्डवानाम् (pāṇḍavānām) - of the Pāṇḍavas (of the sons of Pāṇḍu, of the Pāṇḍavas)

• च (ca) - and (and, also)

• सप्त (sapta) - seven (survivors) (seven)

• द्व्यूना (dvyūnā) - lacking two (from twenty) (diminished by two, lacking two)

• विंशतिः (viṁśatiḥ) - twenty (armies) (twenty)

• आहताक्षौहिणीनाम् (āhatākṣauhiṇīnām) - of the slain akṣauhiṇīs (of the slaughtered akṣauhiṇīs)

• तस्मिन् (tasmin) - in that (specific) (in that)

• संग्रामे (saṁgrāme) - in that war (in the battle, in the war)

• विग्रहे (vigrahe) - in that conflict (in the conflict, in the war)

• क्षत्रियाणाम् (kṣatriyāṇām) - of the kṣatriya warriors (of the kṣatriyas, of the warriors)

Words meanings and morphology

कष्टम् (kaṣṭam) - alas, what a misfortune (alas, lamentable, difficult)

(indeclinable)

Note: Used here as an exclamation of sorrow.

युद्धे (yuddhe) - in this war/battle (in the battle)

(noun)

Locative, neuter, singular of yuddha

yuddha - fight, battle, war

Root: yudh (class 4)

दश (daśa) - ten

(numeral)

Note: Functions as an adjective here for śeṣāḥ.

शेषाः (śeṣāḥ) - survivors, those who remained alive (remaining, survivors, remainder)

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, plural of śeṣa

śeṣa - remainder, rest, surplus, residual; remaining, left

Root: śiṣ (class 7)

Note: Refers to living beings.

श्रुता (śrutā) - heard (by me) (heard, listened)

(participle)

Nominative, masculine, plural of śruta

śruta - heard, listened, learned, famous; knowledge, sacred text

past passive participle

from root śru + kta

Root: śru (class 5)

Note: Agrees with 'śeṣāḥ' (implied subject of being heard).

मे (me) - by me (dative of agent with passive participle) (by me, to me, my)

(pronoun)

singular of aham

aham - I

Note: Enclitic form of the pronoun 'aham', used here as dative of agent.

त्रयः (trayaḥ) - three (survivors) (three)

(numeral)

Note: Refers to male survivors.

अस्माकम् (asmākam) - from our side (Kauravas) (of us, our)

(pronoun)

Genitive, plural of aham

aham - I

Note: Refers to Dhṛtarāṣṭra's side (Kauravas).

पाण्डवानाम् (pāṇḍavānām) - of the Pāṇḍavas (of the sons of Pāṇḍu, of the Pāṇḍavas)

(noun)

Genitive, masculine, plural of pāṇḍava

pāṇḍava - descendant of Pāṇḍu, Pāṇḍava

च (ca) - and (and, also)

(indeclinable)

सप्त (sapta) - seven (survivors) (seven)

(numeral)

Note: Functions as an adjective here for implied śeṣāḥ.

द्व्यूना (dvyūnā) - lacking two (from twenty) (diminished by two, lacking two)

(adjective)

Nominative, feminine, singular of dvyūna

dvyūna - minus two, diminished by two

Compound type : bahuvrihi (dvi+ūna)

• dvi – two
  numeral
• ūna – deficient, less, lacking
  adjective (masculine)

Note: Qualifies 'viṃśatiḥ'.

विंशतिः (viṁśatiḥ) - twenty (armies) (twenty)

(numeral)

Note: Refers to the count of akṣauhiṇīs.

आहताक्षौहिणीनाम् (āhatākṣauhiṇīnām) - of the slain akṣauhiṇīs (of the slaughtered akṣauhiṇīs)

(noun)

Genitive, feminine, plural of āhatākṣauhiṇī

āhatākṣauhiṇī - a slain akṣauhiṇī (army)

Compound type : tatpurusha (āhata+akṣauhiṇī)

• āhata – struck, killed, injured
  participle (masculine)
  past passive participle
  from ā-han + kta
  Prefix: ā
  Root: han (class 2)
• akṣauhiṇī – a large army (said to consist of 21,870 chariots, 21,870 elephants, 65,610 horses and 109,350 foot-soldiers)
  noun (feminine)

Note: Refers to the total number of destroyed armies.

तस्मिन् (tasmin) - in that (specific) (in that)

(pronoun)

Locative, masculine, singular of tad

tad - that, he, she, it

Note: Agrees with 'saṃgrāme' and 'vigrahe'.

संग्रामे (saṁgrāme) - in that war (in the battle, in the war)

(noun)

Locative, masculine, singular of saṃgrāma

saṁgrāma - battle, war, combat

Prefix: sam

Root: gram (class 1)

विग्रहे (vigrahe) - in that conflict (in the conflict, in the war)

(noun)

Locative, masculine, singular of vigraha

vigraha - separation, division, war, fight, quarrel

Prefix: vi

Root: grah (class 9)

Note: Synonym to saṃgrāma.

क्षत्रियाणाम् (kṣatriyāṇām) - of the kṣatriya warriors (of the kṣatriyas, of the warriors)

(noun)

Genitive, masculine, plural of kṣatriya

kṣatriya - a member of the warrior or ruling class

Note: Refers to the warrior class involved in the war.