महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-1, chapter-1, verse-107

यदाश्रौषं विविधास्तात चेष्टा धर्मात्मनां प्रस्थितानां वनाय ।
ज्येष्ठप्रीत्या क्लिश्यतां पाण्डवानां तदा नाशंसे विजयाय संजय ॥१०७॥

107. yadāśrauṣaṁ vividhāstāta ceṣṭā; dharmātmanāṁ prasthitānāṁ vanāya ,
jyeṣṭhaprītyā kliśyatāṁ pāṇḍavānāṁ; tadā nāśaṁse vijayāya saṁjaya.

107. yadā aśrauṣam vividhāḥ tāta ceṣṭāḥ
dharmātmanām prasthitānām vanāya
jyeṣṭhaprītyā kliśyatām pāṇḍavānām
tadā na āśaṃse vijayāya saṃjaya

107. O dear Sanjaya, when I heard of the various hardships faced by the righteous-minded Pāṇḍavas, who had set out for the forest, suffering due to their devotion to their eldest brother, then I lost hope for victory.

Words meanings summery:

• यदा (yadā) - when (when, at what time)

• अश्रौषम् (aśrauṣam) - I heard

• विविधाः (vividhāḥ) - various (various, manifold, diverse)

• तात (tāta) - O dear (Sanjaya) (O dear one, O son, O father)

• चेष्टाः (ceṣṭāḥ) - hardships, actions (implying suffering) (actions, efforts, movements)

• धर्मात्मनाम् (dharmātmanām) - of the righteous-minded (of the righteous-minded, of those with righteous souls)

• प्रस्थितानाम् (prasthitānām) - who had set out (of those who have set out, departed)

• वनाय (vanāya) - for the forest (for the forest, to the forest)

• ज्येष्ठप्रीत्या (jyeṣṭhaprītyā) - due to their devotion to their eldest brother (out of love for the elder/eldest)

• क्लिश्यताम् (kliśyatām) - suffering (of those suffering, being tormented)

• पाण्डवानाम् (pāṇḍavānām) - of the Pāṇḍavas

• तदा (tadā) - then (then, at that time)

• न (na) - not (not, no)

• आशंसे (āśaṁse) - I lost hope (I hope, I wish)

• विजयाय (vijayāya) - for victory

• संजय (saṁjaya) - O Sanjaya

Words meanings and morphology

यदा (yadā) - when (when, at what time)

(indeclinable)

अश्रौषम् (aśrauṣam) - I heard

(verb)

1st person , singular, active, aorist (luṅ) of śru

Root: śru (class 5)

विविधाः (vividhāḥ) - various (various, manifold, diverse)

(adjective)

Nominative, feminine, plural of vividha

vividha - various, manifold, diverse, different

Note: Agrees with ceṣṭāḥ.

तात (tāta) - O dear (Sanjaya) (O dear one, O son, O father)

(noun)

Vocative, masculine, singular of tāta

tāta - father, dear one, son (term of endearment or respect)

चेष्टाः (ceṣṭāḥ) - hardships, actions (implying suffering) (actions, efforts, movements)

(noun)

Nominative, feminine, plural of ceṣṭā

ceṣṭā - action, effort, movement, exertion, behavior

Derived from root ceṣṭ- (to exert oneself, move)

Root: ceṣṭ (class 1)

Note: Contextually implies hardships or sufferings.

धर्मात्मनाम् (dharmātmanām) - of the righteous-minded (of the righteous-minded, of those with righteous souls)

(adjective)

Genitive, masculine, plural of dharmātman

dharmātman - righteous-souled, virtuous, pious

Compound type : bahuvrihi (dharma+ātman)

• dharma – righteousness, duty, law, virtue
  noun (masculine)
• ātman – self, soul, spirit, essence
  noun (masculine)

Note: Agrees with Pāṇḍavānām.

प्रस्थितानाम् (prasthitānām) - who had set out (of those who have set out, departed)

(adjective)

Genitive, masculine, plural of prasthita

prasthita - departed, set out, gone forth, started

past passive participle

Derived from root sthā- (to stand) with prefix pra-

Prefix: pra

Root: sthā (class 1)

Note: Agrees with Pāṇḍavānām.

वनाय (vanāya) - for the forest (for the forest, to the forest)

(noun)

Dative, neuter, singular of vana

vana - forest, wood, grove

ज्येष्ठप्रीत्या (jyeṣṭhaprītyā) - due to their devotion to their eldest brother (out of love for the elder/eldest)

(noun)

feminine, singular of jyeṣṭhaprīti

jyeṣṭhaprīti - love for the eldest, devotion to the eldest

Compound type : tatpurusha (jyeṣṭha+prīti)

• jyeṣṭha – eldest, oldest, chief, best
  adjective (masculine)
  Superlative of yuvan/vṛddha
• prīti – love, affection, pleasure, joy
  noun (feminine)
  action noun
  Derived from root prī- (to please, love)
  Root: prī (class 9)

Note: Refers to the Pandavas' devotion to Yudhishthira.

क्लिश्यताम् (kliśyatām) - suffering (of those suffering, being tormented)

(adjective)

Genitive, masculine, plural of kliśyat

kliśyat - suffering, distressed, being tormented

present participle

Derived from root kliś- (to suffer, torment)

Root: kliś (class 4)

Note: Agrees with Pāṇḍavānām.

पाण्डवानाम् (pāṇḍavānām) - of the Pāṇḍavas

(noun)

Genitive, masculine, plural of pāṇḍava

pāṇḍava - descendant of Pāṇḍu, son of Pāṇḍu (the Pāṇḍavas)

Patronymic from Pāṇḍu

तदा (tadā) - then (then, at that time)

(indeclinable)

न (na) - not (not, no)

(indeclinable)

आशंसे (āśaṁse) - I lost hope (I hope, I wish)

(verb)

1st person , singular, middle, present (laṭ) of ā-śaṃs

Prefix: ā

Root: śaṃs (class 1)

Note: With 'na', it means 'I do not hope'.

विजयाय (vijayāya) - for victory

(noun)

Dative, masculine, singular of vijaya

vijaya - victory, triumph, conquest

action noun

Derived from root ji- (to conquer) with prefix vi-

Prefix: vi

Root: ji (class 1)

संजय (saṁjaya) - O Sanjaya

(noun)

Vocative, masculine, singular of saṃjaya

saṁjaya - Sanjaya (name of Dhritarashtra's charioteer)