महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-1, chapter-1, verse-148

यदाश्रौषं निहतं मद्रराजं रणे शूरं धर्मराजेन सूत ।
सदा संग्रामे स्पर्धते यः स कृष्णं तदा नाशंसे विजयाय संजय ॥१४८॥

148. yadāśrauṣaṁ nihataṁ madrarājaṁ; raṇe śūraṁ dharmarājena sūta ,
sadā saṁgrāme spardhate yaḥ sa kṛṣṇaṁ; tadā nāśaṁse vijayāya saṁjaya.

148. yadā aśrauṣam nihatam madrarājam
raṇe śūram dharmarājena sūta | sadā
saṅgrāme spardhate yaḥ saḥ kṛṣṇam
tadā na āśaṃse vijayāya sañjaya

148. O Sūta, O Sañjaya, when I heard that the brave King of Madras, Śalya, who always contended with Kṛṣṇa in battle, was slain in battle by Dharmarāja (Yudhiṣṭhira), then I lost all hope for victory.

148. כאשר שמעתי, הו סוּטַה (נהג המרכבה), שמלך המַדְרַה הגיבור, שתמיד התחרה בקְרְשְׁנַה בקרב, נהרג בקרב בידי דְהַרְמַרָאג׳ַה, אז, הו סַנְג׳ַיַה, איבדתי כל תקווה לניצחון.

Words meanings summery:

• यदा (yadā) - when (when, at which time)

• अश्रौषम् (aśrauṣam) - I heard

• निहतम् (nihatam) - slain (slain, killed, destroyed)

• मद्रराजम् (madrarājam) - King Śalya of Madras (king of Madras)

• रणे (raṇe) - in battle (in battle, in war, in conflict)

• शूरम् (śūram) - brave (brave, heroic, mighty warrior)

• धर्मराजेन (dharmarājena) - by Dharmarāja (Yudhiṣṭhira) (by the king of righteousness, by Dharmarāja)

• सूत (sūta) - O Sūta (addressing Sañjaya) (charioteer, bard, messenger)

• सदा (sadā) - always (always, ever, perpetually)

• सङ्ग्रामे (saṅgrāme) - in battle (in battle, in war)

• स्पर्धते (spardhate) - he contended (he competes, he vies, he challenges)

• यः (yaḥ) - who (who, which)

• सः (saḥ) - he (he, that)

• कृष्णम् (kṛṣṇam) - Kṛṣṇa (with whom Śalya contended) (Kṛṣṇa)

• तदा (tadā) - then (then, at that time)

• न (na) - not (not, no)

• आशंसे (āśaṁse) - I hope (I hope, I wish, I expect)

• विजयाय (vijayāya) - for victory (for victory, for triumph)

• सञ्जय (sañjaya) - O Sanjaya (Sanjaya)

Words meanings and morphology

यदा (yadā) - when (when, at which time)

(indeclinable)

अश्रौषम् (aśrauṣam) - I heard

(verb)

1st person , singular, active, past aorist (luṅ) of śru

Root: śru (class 5)

निहतम् (nihatam) - slain (slain, killed, destroyed)

(participle)

Accusative, masculine, singular of nihata

nihata - slain, killed, struck down, defeated

past passive participle

from ni-han (to strike down)

Prefix: ni

Root: han (class 2)

मद्रराजम् (madrarājam) - King Śalya of Madras (king of Madras)

(noun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of madrarājan

madrarājan - king of the Madras

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (madra+rājan)

• madra – name of a country and its people
  noun (neuter)
• rājan – king, ruler, sovereign
  noun (masculine)

रणे (raṇe) - in battle (in battle, in war, in conflict)

(noun)

Locative, masculine, singular of raṇa

raṇa - battle, war, combat, conflict

शूरम् (śūram) - brave (brave, heroic, mighty warrior)

(adjective)

Accusative, masculine, singular of śūra

śūra - brave, valiant, heroic, a hero, warrior

धर्मराजेन (dharmarājena) - by Dharmarāja (Yudhiṣṭhira) (by the king of righteousness, by Dharmarāja)

(noun)

Instrumental, masculine, singular of dharmarājan

dharmarājan - king of righteousness, Yudhiṣṭhira (the eldest Pāṇḍava)

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (dharma+rājan)

• dharma – righteousness, duty, law, virtue
  noun (masculine)
• rājan – king, ruler, sovereign
  noun (masculine)

सूत (sūta) - O Sūta (addressing Sañjaya) (charioteer, bard, messenger)

(noun)

Vocative, masculine, singular of sūta

sūta - charioteer, bard, herald, a caste

सदा (sadā) - always (always, ever, perpetually)

(indeclinable)

सङ्ग्रामे (saṅgrāme) - in battle (in battle, in war)

(noun)

Locative, masculine, singular of saṅgrāma

saṅgrāma - battle, war, fight, engagement

Prefix: sam

Root: gram (class 1)

स्पर्धते (spardhate) - he contended (he competes, he vies, he challenges)

(verb)

3rd person , singular, middle, present (laṭ) of spardh

Root: spardh (class 1)

यः (yaḥ) - who (who, which)

(pronoun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of yad

yad - who, which, what, that

सः (saḥ) - he (he, that)

(pronoun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of tad

tad - that, he, she, it

कृष्णम् (kṛṣṇam) - Kṛṣṇa (with whom Śalya contended) (Kṛṣṇa)

(noun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of kṛṣṇa

kṛṣṇa - Kṛṣṇa (name of a deity), black, dark, dark blue

Note: The accusative case is used here with 'spardhate' to indicate 'contending with' or 'in rivalry with'.

तदा (tadā) - then (then, at that time)

(indeclinable)

न (na) - not (not, no)

(indeclinable)

आशंसे (āśaṁse) - I hope (I hope, I wish, I expect)

(verb)

1st person , singular, middle, present (laṭ) of ā-śaṃs

Prefix: ā

Root: śaṃs (class 1)

विजयाय (vijayāya) - for victory (for victory, for triumph)

(noun)

Dative, masculine, singular of vijaya

vijaya - victory, triumph, conquest

action noun

from vi-ji (to conquer)

Prefix: vi

Root: ji (class 1)

सञ्जय (sañjaya) - O Sanjaya (Sanjaya)

(noun)

Vocative, masculine, singular of sañjaya

sañjaya - Sanjaya (name of Dhṛtarāṣṭra's charioteer and narrator)

Prefix: sam

Root: ji (class 1)

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