महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-1, chapter-1, verse-148

यदाश्रौषं निहतं मद्रराजं रणे शूरं धर्मराजेन सूत ।
सदा संग्रामे स्पर्धते यः स कृष्णं तदा नाशंसे विजयाय संजय ॥१४८॥

148. yadāśrauṣaṁ nihataṁ madrarājaṁ; raṇe śūraṁ dharmarājena sūta ,
sadā saṁgrāme spardhate yaḥ sa kṛṣṇaṁ; tadā nāśaṁse vijayāya saṁjaya.

148. yadā aśrauṣam nihatam madrarājam
raṇe śūram dharmarājena sūta | sadā
saṅgrāme spardhate yaḥ saḥ kṛṣṇam
tadā na āśaṃse vijayāya sañjaya

148. O Sūta, O Sañjaya, when I heard that the brave King of Madras, Śalya, who always contended with Kṛṣṇa in battle, was slain in battle by Dharmarāja (Yudhiṣṭhira), then I lost all hope for victory.

Words meanings summery:

• यदा (yadā) - when (when, at which time)

• अश्रौषम् (aśrauṣam) - I heard

• निहतम् (nihatam) - slain (slain, killed, destroyed)

• मद्रराजम् (madrarājam) - King Śalya of Madras (king of Madras)

• रणे (raṇe) - in battle (in battle, in war, in conflict)

• शूरम् (śūram) - brave (brave, heroic, mighty warrior)

• धर्मराजेन (dharmarājena) - by Dharmarāja (Yudhiṣṭhira) (by the king of righteousness, by Dharmarāja)

• सूत (sūta) - O Sūta (addressing Sañjaya) (charioteer, bard, messenger)

• सदा (sadā) - always (always, ever, perpetually)

• सङ्ग्रामे (saṅgrāme) - in battle (in battle, in war)

• स्पर्धते (spardhate) - he contended (he competes, he vies, he challenges)

• यः (yaḥ) - who (who, which)

• सः (saḥ) - he (he, that)

• कृष्णम् (kṛṣṇam) - Kṛṣṇa (with whom Śalya contended) (Kṛṣṇa)

• तदा (tadā) - then (then, at that time)

• न (na) - not (not, no)

• आशंसे (āśaṁse) - I hope (I hope, I wish, I expect)

• विजयाय (vijayāya) - for victory (for victory, for triumph)

• सञ्जय (sañjaya) - O Sanjaya (Sanjaya)

Words meanings and morphology

यदा (yadā) - when (when, at which time)

(indeclinable)

अश्रौषम् (aśrauṣam) - I heard

(verb)

1st person , singular, active, past aorist (luṅ) of śru

Root: śru (class 5)

निहतम् (nihatam) - slain (slain, killed, destroyed)

(participle)

Accusative, masculine, singular of nihata

nihata - slain, killed, struck down, defeated

past passive participle

from ni-han (to strike down)

Prefix: ni

Root: han (class 2)

मद्रराजम् (madrarājam) - King Śalya of Madras (king of Madras)

(noun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of madrarājan

madrarājan - king of the Madras

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (madra+rājan)

• madra – name of a country and its people
  noun (neuter)
• rājan – king, ruler, sovereign
  noun (masculine)

रणे (raṇe) - in battle (in battle, in war, in conflict)

(noun)

Locative, masculine, singular of raṇa

raṇa - battle, war, combat, conflict

शूरम् (śūram) - brave (brave, heroic, mighty warrior)

(adjective)

Accusative, masculine, singular of śūra

śūra - brave, valiant, heroic, a hero, warrior

धर्मराजेन (dharmarājena) - by Dharmarāja (Yudhiṣṭhira) (by the king of righteousness, by Dharmarāja)

(noun)

Instrumental, masculine, singular of dharmarājan

dharmarājan - king of righteousness, Yudhiṣṭhira (the eldest Pāṇḍava)

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (dharma+rājan)

• dharma – righteousness, duty, law, virtue
  noun (masculine)
• rājan – king, ruler, sovereign
  noun (masculine)

सूत (sūta) - O Sūta (addressing Sañjaya) (charioteer, bard, messenger)

(noun)

Vocative, masculine, singular of sūta

sūta - charioteer, bard, herald, a caste

सदा (sadā) - always (always, ever, perpetually)

(indeclinable)

सङ्ग्रामे (saṅgrāme) - in battle (in battle, in war)

(noun)

Locative, masculine, singular of saṅgrāma

saṅgrāma - battle, war, fight, engagement

Prefix: sam

Root: gram (class 1)

स्पर्धते (spardhate) - he contended (he competes, he vies, he challenges)

(verb)

3rd person , singular, middle, present (laṭ) of spardh

Root: spardh (class 1)

यः (yaḥ) - who (who, which)

(pronoun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of yad

yad - who, which, what, that

सः (saḥ) - he (he, that)

(pronoun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of tad

tad - that, he, she, it

कृष्णम् (kṛṣṇam) - Kṛṣṇa (with whom Śalya contended) (Kṛṣṇa)

(noun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of kṛṣṇa

kṛṣṇa - Kṛṣṇa (name of a deity), black, dark, dark blue

Note: The accusative case is used here with 'spardhate' to indicate 'contending with' or 'in rivalry with'.

तदा (tadā) - then (then, at that time)

(indeclinable)

न (na) - not (not, no)

(indeclinable)

आशंसे (āśaṁse) - I hope (I hope, I wish, I expect)

(verb)

1st person , singular, middle, present (laṭ) of ā-śaṃs

Prefix: ā

Root: śaṃs (class 1)

विजयाय (vijayāya) - for victory (for victory, for triumph)

(noun)

Dative, masculine, singular of vijaya

vijaya - victory, triumph, conquest

action noun

from vi-ji (to conquer)

Prefix: vi

Root: ji (class 1)

सञ्जय (sañjaya) - O Sanjaya (Sanjaya)

(noun)

Vocative, masculine, singular of sañjaya

sañjaya - Sanjaya (name of Dhṛtarāṣṭra's charioteer and narrator)

Prefix: sam

Root: ji (class 1)