महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-1, chapter-1, verse-140

यदा द्रोणः कृतवर्मा कृपश्च कर्णो द्रौणिर्मद्रराजश्च शूरः ।
अमर्षयन्सैन्धवं वध्यमानं तदा नाशंसे विजयाय संजय ॥१४०॥

140. yadā droṇaḥ kṛtavarmā kṛpaśca; karṇo drauṇirmadrarājaśca śūraḥ ,
amarṣayansaindhavaṁ vadhyamānaṁ; tadā nāśaṁse vijayāya saṁjaya.

140. yadā droṇaḥ kṛtavarmā kṛpaḥ ca
karṇaḥ drauṇiḥ madrarājaḥ ca śūraḥ
amarṣayan saindhavam vadhyamānam
tadā na āśaṃse vijayāya saṃjaya

140. O Saṃjaya, when I heard that Droṇa, Kṛtavarmā, Kṛpa, Karṇa, Drauṇi, and the brave King of Madra (Śalya) allowed Saṃdhava to be killed, then I lost all hope for victory.

Words meanings summery:

• यदा (yadā) - when (when, at what time)

• द्रोणः (droṇaḥ) - Droṇa (Droṇa (name of a warrior))

• कृतवर्मा (kṛtavarmā) - Kṛtavarmā (Kṛtavarmā (name of a warrior))

• कृपः (kṛpaḥ) - Kṛpa (Kṛpa (name of a warrior))

• च (ca) - and (and, also)

• कर्णः (karṇaḥ) - Karṇa

• द्रौणिः (drauṇiḥ) - Aśvatthāmā (Drauṇi (son of Droṇa, Aśvatthāmā))

• मद्रराजः (madrarājaḥ) - the king of Madra (Śalya) (King of Madra (Śalya))

• च (ca) - and (and, also)

• शूरः (śūraḥ) - the brave one (Śalya) (brave, hero)

• अमर्षयन् (amarṣayan) - they allowed (they tolerated, they permitted)

• सैन्धवम् (saindhavam) - Saṃdhava (Jayadratha) (Jayadratha (king of Sindhu))

• वध्यमानम् (vadhyamānam) - being killed (being killed, being slain)

• तदा (tadā) - then, at that moment (then, at that time)

• न (na) - not (not, no)

• आशंसे (āśaṁse) - I hoped, I expected (I hope, I expect)

• विजयाय (vijayāya) - for victory

• संजय (saṁjaya) - O Saṃjaya

Words meanings and morphology

यदा (yadā) - when (when, at what time)

(indeclinable)

द्रोणः (droṇaḥ) - Droṇa (Droṇa (name of a warrior))

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of droṇa

droṇa - Droṇa (name of a warrior and teacher)

Note: One of the subjects of 'amarṣayan'.

कृतवर्मा (kṛtavarmā) - Kṛtavarmā (Kṛtavarmā (name of a warrior))

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of kṛtavarman

kṛtavarman - Kṛtavarmā (name of a warrior)

A bahuvrīhi compound meaning 'whose armor is made' or 'who has made armor'.

Compound type : bahuvrīhi (kṛta+varman)

• kṛta – done, made
  participle (masculine)
  past passive participle
  From root kṛ (to do, make) with 'kta' suffix.
  Root: kṛ (class 8)
• varman – armor, shield
  noun (neuter)

Note: One of the subjects of 'amarṣayan'.

कृपः (kṛpaḥ) - Kṛpa (Kṛpa (name of a warrior))

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of kṛpa

kṛpa - Kṛpa (name of a warrior and teacher)

Note: One of the subjects of 'amarṣayan'.

च (ca) - and (and, also)

(indeclinable)

Note: Connects 'kṛpaḥ' to the list of warriors.

कर्णः (karṇaḥ) - Karṇa

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of karṇa

karṇa - ear, Karṇa (name of a warrior)

Note: One of the subjects of 'amarṣayan'.

द्रौणिः (drauṇiḥ) - Aśvatthāmā (Drauṇi (son of Droṇa, Aśvatthāmā))

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of drauṇi

drauṇi - son of Droṇa (Aśvatthāmā)

patronymic

Derived from Droṇa (name of a teacher) with the patronymic suffix 'i'.

Note: One of the subjects of 'amarṣayan'.

मद्रराजः (madrarājaḥ) - the king of Madra (Śalya) (King of Madra (Śalya))

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of madrarāja

madrarāja - king of Madra (name of Śalya)

A ṣaṣṭhī-tatpuruṣa compound meaning 'king of Madra'.

Compound type : ṣaṣṭhī-tatpuruṣa (madra+rājan)

• madra – name of a country/people
  noun (neuter)
• rājan – king
  noun (masculine)

Note: One of the subjects of 'amarṣayan'.

च (ca) - and (and, also)

(indeclinable)

Note: Connects 'madrarājaḥ' to the list of warriors.

शूरः (śūraḥ) - the brave one (Śalya) (brave, hero)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of śūra

śūra - brave, valiant, hero, warrior

Note: Agrees with and describes 'madrarājaḥ'.

अमर्षयन् (amarṣayan) - they allowed (they tolerated, they permitted)

(verb)

3rd person , plural, active, past imperfect (laṅ) of amarṣay

causative/denominative

Imperfect 3rd person plural active from root mṛṣ (to bear, endure) with causative suffix -ay and the imperfect augment 'a-'.

Prefix: a

Root: mṛṣ (class 4)

Note: The verb governs 'saindhavam vadhyamānam'.

सैन्धवम् (saindhavam) - Saṃdhava (Jayadratha) (Jayadratha (king of Sindhu))

(noun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of saindhava

saindhava - belonging to Sindhu, king of Sindhu, Jayadratha

adjective/patronymic

Derived from Sindhu (name of a river/region) with suffix 'a', meaning 'from Sindhu'.

Note: The passive object of 'vadhyamānam'.

वध्यमानम् (vadhyamānam) - being killed (being killed, being slain)

(participle)

Accusative, masculine, singular of vadhyamāna

vadhyamāna - being killed, being slain

present passive participle

Present passive participle from root vadh (to strike, kill) with 'śānac' suffix.

Root: vadh (class 1)

Note: Describes Saṃdhava.

तदा (tadā) - then, at that moment (then, at that time)

(indeclinable)

न (na) - not (not, no)

(indeclinable)

आशंसे (āśaṁse) - I hoped, I expected (I hope, I expect)

(verb)

1st person , singular, middle, present (laṭ) of āśaṃs

Root śaṃs (to praise, declare) with prefix ā- (towards) forming a verb meaning to hope/expect.

Prefix: ā

Root: śaṃs (class 1)

Note: The speaker is Dhṛtarāṣṭra.

विजयाय (vijayāya) - for victory

(noun)

Dative, masculine, singular of vijaya

vijaya - victory, triumph, conquest

action noun

Formed from root ji (to conquer) with prefix vi-.

Prefix: vi

Root: ji (class 1)

Note: The object of hope/expectation.

संजय (saṁjaya) - O Saṃjaya

(noun)

Vocative, masculine, singular of saṃjaya

saṁjaya - Saṃjaya (name of Dhṛtarāṣṭra's charioteer and narrator)

Formed from root ji (to conquer) with prefix sam-.

Prefix: sam

Root: ji (class 1)

Note: The addressee of Dhṛtarāṣṭra.