महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-1, chapter-1, verse-138

यदाश्रौषं नागबलैर्दुरुत्सहं द्रोणानीकं युयुधानं प्रमथ्य ।
यातं वार्ष्णेयं यत्र तौ कृष्णपार्थौ तदा नाशंसे विजयाय संजय ॥१३८॥

138. yadāśrauṣaṁ nāgabalairdurutsahaṁ; droṇānīkaṁ yuyudhānaṁ pramathya ,
yātaṁ vārṣṇeyaṁ yatra tau kṛṣṇapārthau; tadā nāśaṁse vijayāya saṁjaya.

138. yadā aśrauṣam nāgabalaiḥ durutsaham
droṇānīkam yuyudhānam pramathya
yātam vārṣṇeyam yatra tau kṛṣṇapārthau
tadā na āśaṃse vijayāya saṃjaya

138. O Saṃjaya, when I heard that Yuyudhāna, the Vṛṣṇi warrior, having crushed Droṇa's army—an army formidable even with elephant forces—had then gone to where Krishna and Arjuna were, at that moment I lost all hope for victory.

Words meanings summery:

• यदा (yadā) - when (when, at what time)

• अश्रौषम् (aśrauṣam) - I heard

• नागबलैः (nāgabalaiḥ) - by elephant forces (by elephant forces, by great strength)

• दुरुत्षहम् (durutṣaham) - difficult to overcome (difficult to endure, difficult to overcome)

• द्रोणानीकम् (droṇānīkam) - Droṇa's army

• युयुधानम् (yuyudhānam) - Yuyudhāna (Sātyaki)

• प्रमथ्य (pramathya) - having crushed (having crushed, having overpowered)

• यातम् (yātam) - had gone (gone, having gone)

• वार्ष्णेयम् (vārṣṇeyam) - the Vṛṣṇi (Sātyaki) (a descendant of Vṛṣṇi)

• यत्र (yatra) - where (where, in which place)

• तौ (tau) - those two

• कृष्णपार्थौ (kṛṣṇapārthau) - Krishna and Arjuna (Krishna and Pārtha (Arjuna))

• तदा (tadā) - then, at that moment (then, at that time)

• न (na) - not (not, no)

• आशंसे (āśaṁse) - I hoped, I expected (I hope, I expect)

• विजयाय (vijayāya) - for victory

• संजय (saṁjaya) - O Saṃjaya

Words meanings and morphology

यदा (yadā) - when (when, at what time)

(indeclinable)

अश्रौषम् (aśrauṣam) - I heard

(verb)

1st person , singular, active, aorist (luṅ) of śru

Root: śru (class 5)

Note: Implies 'I came to know' or 'I learned'.

नागबलैः (nāgabalaiḥ) - by elephant forces (by elephant forces, by great strength)

(noun)

Instrumental, feminine, plural of nāgabalā

nāgabalā - strength of elephants, elephant army, great strength

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (nāga+bala)

• nāga – snake, elephant
  noun (masculine)
• bala – strength, force, army
  noun (neuter)

Note: Refers to the strength or forces of elephants as a measure of might.

दुरुत्षहम् (durutṣaham) - difficult to overcome (difficult to endure, difficult to overcome)

(adjective)

Accusative, neuter, singular of durutsaha

durutsaha - difficult to endure, difficult to overcome, irresistible

kṛt-suffix (khaL)

Formed from the root sah (to endure) with prefixes dur (difficult) and ut (up, out). It is a prādi-samāsa compound.

Prefixes: dur+ut

Root: sah (class 1)

Note: Agrees with 'droṇānīkam'.

द्रोणानीकम् (droṇānīkam) - Droṇa's army

(noun)

Accusative, neuter, singular of droṇānīka

droṇānīka - Droṇa's army

A ṣaṣṭhī-tatpuruṣa compound meaning 'army of Droṇa'.

Compound type : ṣaṣṭhī-tatpuruṣa (droṇa+anīka)

• droṇa – Droṇa (name of a warrior and teacher)
  noun (masculine)
• anīka – army, host, front
  noun (neuter)

Note: Object of 'pramathya'.

युयुधानम् (yuyudhānam) - Yuyudhāna (Sātyaki)

(noun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of yuyudhāna

yuyudhāna - Yuyudhāna (name of Sātyaki)

noun from intensive root

Derived from the intensive form of the root yudh (to fight).

Root: yudh (class 4)

Note: Refers to Sātyaki, the subject of 'pramathya' and 'yātam'.

प्रमथ्य (pramathya) - having crushed (having crushed, having overpowered)

(indeclinable)

absolutive (gerund)

Absolutive form from root math (to churn, crush) with prefix pra-.

Prefix: pra

Root: math (class 1)

Note: Its object is 'droṇānīkam'.

यातम् (yātam) - had gone (gone, having gone)

(participle)

Accusative, masculine, singular of yāta

yāta - gone, arrived, marched

past passive participle

From root yā (to go) with 'kta' suffix. Used actively for intransitive verbs.

Root: yā (class 2)

Note: Describes Yuyudhāna, agreeing with 'yuyudhānam' and 'vārṣṇeyam'.

वार्ष्णेयम् (vārṣṇeyam) - the Vṛṣṇi (Sātyaki) (a descendant of Vṛṣṇi)

(noun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of vārṣṇeya

vārṣṇeya - a descendant of Vṛṣṇi (e.g., Kṛṣṇa, Sātyaki)

patronymic

Derived from Vṛṣṇi (name of an ancient king) with the suffix 'eya'.

Note: Qualifies 'yuyudhānam'.

यत्र (yatra) - where (where, in which place)

(indeclinable)

Note: Introduces a locative clause.

तौ (tau) - those two

(pronoun)

Nominative, masculine, dual of tad

tad - that, those

Note: Refers to 'kṛṣṇapārthau'.

कृष्णपार्थौ (kṛṣṇapārthau) - Krishna and Arjuna (Krishna and Pārtha (Arjuna))

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, dual of kṛṣṇapārtha

kṛṣṇapārtha - Krishna and Pārtha (Arjuna)

A dvandva compound listing two individuals: Krishna and Pārtha (Arjuna).

Compound type : dvandva (kṛṣṇa+pārtha)

• kṛṣṇa – Krishna (name of a deity/warrior)
  noun (masculine)
• pārtha – son of Pṛthā (Arjuna)
  noun (masculine)
  patronymic
  Derived from Pṛthā (Kuntī) with suffix 'a'.

Note: The subjects of the implied verb 'were'.

तदा (tadā) - then, at that moment (then, at that time)

(indeclinable)

न (na) - not (not, no)

(indeclinable)

आशंसे (āśaṁse) - I hoped, I expected (I hope, I expect)

(verb)

1st person , singular, middle, present (laṭ) of āśaṃs

Root śaṃs (to praise, declare) with prefix ā- (towards) forming a verb meaning to hope/expect.

Prefix: ā

Root: śaṃs (class 1)

Note: The speaker is Dhṛtarāṣṭra.

विजयाय (vijayāya) - for victory

(noun)

Dative, masculine, singular of vijaya

vijaya - victory, triumph, conquest

action noun

Formed from root ji (to conquer) with prefix vi-.

Prefix: vi

Root: ji (class 1)

Note: The object of hope/expectation.

संजय (saṁjaya) - O Saṃjaya

(noun)

Vocative, masculine, singular of saṃjaya

saṁjaya - Saṃjaya (name of Dhṛtarāṣṭra's charioteer and narrator)

Formed from root ji (to conquer) with prefix sam-.

Prefix: sam

Root: ji (class 1)

Note: The addressee of Dhṛtarāṣṭra.