महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-1, chapter-1, verse-143

यदाश्रौषं द्रोणमाचार्यमेकं धृष्टद्युम्नेनाभ्यतिक्रम्य धर्मम् ।
रथोपस्थे प्रायगतं विशस्तं तदा नाशंसे विजयाय संजय ॥१४३॥

143. yadāśrauṣaṁ droṇamācāryamekaṁ; dhṛṣṭadyumnenābhyatikramya dharmam ,
rathopasthe prāyagataṁ viśastaṁ; tadā nāśaṁse vijayāya saṁjaya.

143. yadā aśrauṣam droṇam ācāryam ekam
dhṛṣṭadyumnena abhyatikramya
dharmam rathopasthe prāyagatam viśastam
tadā na āśaṃse vijayāya saṃjaya

143. When I heard that the lone teacher Drona, who had resorted to a vow of fasting unto death while seated in his chariot, was slain by Dhrishtadyumna, who had transgressed the principles of dharma, then, O Sanjaya, I gave up all hope for victory.

Words meanings summery:

• यदा (yadā) - when

• अश्रौषम् (aśrauṣam) - I heard

• द्रोणम् (droṇam) - Drona

• आचार्यम् (ācāryam) - the teacher (Drona) (teacher)

• एकम् (ekam) - alone (one, alone, singular)

• धृष्टद्युम्नेन (dhṛṣṭadyumnena) - by Dhrishtadyumna

• अभ्यतिक्रम्य (abhyatikramya) - having transgressed/disregarded (having transgressed, having violated, having gone beyond)

• धर्मम् (dharmam) - dharma, righteous conduct (righteousness, duty, law)

• रथोपस्थे (rathopasthe) - in his chariot-seat (in the chariot's seat/lap)

• प्रायगतम् (prāyagatam) - having resorted to a vow of fasting unto death (having resorted to a vow of death (fasting unto death))

• विशस्तम् (viśastam) - slain (slain, slaughtered)

• तदा (tadā) - then (then, at that time)

• न (na) - not

• आशंसे (āśaṁse) - I hope (for) (I hope, I expect)

• विजयाय (vijayāya) - for victory

• संजय (saṁjaya) - O Sanjaya

Words meanings and morphology

यदा (yadā) - when

(indeclinable)

अश्रौषम् (aśrauṣam) - I heard

(verb)

1st person , singular, active, past perfect (luṅ) of śru

root

Root: śru (class 5)

द्रोणम् (droṇam) - Drona

(noun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of droṇa

droṇa - Drona (proper name); a measure of grain; a bucket

आचार्यम् (ācāryam) - the teacher (Drona) (teacher)

(noun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of ācārya

ācārya - teacher, preceptor, master

एकम् (ekam) - alone (one, alone, singular)

(adjective)

Accusative, masculine, singular of eka

eka - one, alone, single

Note: Adjective modifying Droṇam.

धृष्टद्युम्नेन (dhṛṣṭadyumnena) - by Dhrishtadyumna

(noun)

Instrumental, masculine, singular of dhṛṣṭadyumna

dhṛṣṭadyumna - Dhrishtadyumna (proper name)

अभ्यतिक्रम्य (abhyatikramya) - having transgressed/disregarded (having transgressed, having violated, having gone beyond)

(indeclinable)

absolutive

Prefixes: abhi+ati

Root: kram (class 1)

धर्मम् (dharmam) - dharma, righteous conduct (righteousness, duty, law)

(noun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of dharma

dharma - righteousness, duty, law, virtue, religion

रथोपस्थे (rathopasthe) - in his chariot-seat (in the chariot's seat/lap)

(noun)

Locative, masculine, singular of rathopastha

rathopastha - the seat of a chariot, the lap of a chariot

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (ratha+upastha)

• ratha – chariot, car
  noun (masculine)
• upastha – lap, seat, proximity
  noun (masculine)

प्रायगतम् (prāyagatam) - having resorted to a vow of fasting unto death (having resorted to a vow of death (fasting unto death))

(adjective)

Accusative, masculine, singular of prāyagata

prāyagata - one who has resorted to a vow of death (fasting)

past participle

Derived from prāya (vow of fasting) and gata (gone, attained).

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (prāya+gata)

• prāya – vow, especially of fasting unto death; commencement
  noun (masculine)
• gata – gone, attained, resorted to (past participle of gam)
  adjective (masculine)
  past participle
  Root: gam (class 1)

Note: Modifies Droṇam.

विशस्तम् (viśastam) - slain (slain, slaughtered)

(adjective)

Accusative, masculine, singular of śas

śas - to cut, to slay, to injure

past participle

Past participle of vi-śas

Prefix: vi

Root: śas (class 2)

Note: Modifies Droṇam.

तदा (tadā) - then (then, at that time)

(indeclinable)

न (na) - not

(indeclinable)

आशंसे (āśaṁse) - I hope (for) (I hope, I expect)

(verb)

1st person , singular, middle, present (laṭ) of śaṃs

Root śaṃs with prefix ā (to hope for)

Prefix: ā

Root: śaṃs (class 1)

विजयाय (vijayāya) - for victory

(noun)

Dative, masculine, singular of vijaya

vijaya - victory, triumph, conquest

संजय (saṁjaya) - O Sanjaya

(noun)

Vocative, masculine, singular of saṃjaya

saṁjaya - Sanjaya (proper name)