महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-1, chapter-1, verse-141

यदाश्रौषं देवराजेन दत्तां दिव्यां शक्तिं व्यंसितां माधवेन ।
घटोत्कचे राक्षसे घोररूपे तदा नाशंसे विजयाय संजय ॥१४१॥

141. yadāśrauṣaṁ devarājena dattāṁ; divyāṁ śaktiṁ vyaṁsitāṁ mādhavena ,
ghaṭotkace rākṣase ghorarūpe; tadā nāśaṁse vijayāya saṁjaya.

141. yadā aśrauṣam devarājena dattām
divyām śaktim vyaṃsitām mādhavena
ghaṭotkace rākṣase ghorarūpe
tadā na āśaṃse vijayāya saṃjaya

141. O Saṃjaya, when I heard that the divine spear, granted by Indra, had been wasted by Krishna on Ghaṭotkaca, the terrifying demon, then I lost all hope for victory.

Words meanings summery:

• यदा (yadā) - when (when, at what time)

• अश्रौषम् (aśrauṣam) - I heard

• देवराजेन (devarājena) - by Indra (by the king of gods (Indra))

• दत्ताम् (dattām) - granted (given, granted)

• दिव्याम् (divyām) - divine (divine, heavenly)

• शक्तिम् (śaktim) - the spear (divine weapon) (power, strength, spear, weapon)

• व्यंसिताम् (vyaṁsitām) - rendered useless/wasted (rendered useless, wasted, destroyed)

• माधवेन (mādhavena) - by Krishna (by Mādhava (Krishna))

• घटोत्कचे (ghaṭotkace) - on Ghaṭotkaca

• राक्षसे (rākṣase) - the demon (Ghaṭotkaca) (on the demon, in the demon)

• घोररूपे (ghorarūpe) - of terrifying form (of terrible form, terrifying)

• तदा (tadā) - then, at that moment (then, at that time)

• न (na) - not (not, no)

• आशंसे (āśaṁse) - I hoped, I expected (I hope, I expect)

• विजयाय (vijayāya) - for victory

• संजय (saṁjaya) - O Saṃjaya

Words meanings and morphology

यदा (yadā) - when (when, at what time)

(indeclinable)

अश्रौषम् (aśrauṣam) - I heard

(verb)

1st person , singular, active, aorist (luṅ) of śru

Root: śru (class 5)

Note: Implies 'I came to know' or 'I learned'.

देवराजेन (devarājena) - by Indra (by the king of gods (Indra))

(noun)

Instrumental, masculine, singular of devarāja

devarāja - king of gods, Indra

A ṣaṣṭhī-tatpuruṣa compound meaning 'king of gods'.

Compound type : ṣaṣṭhī-tatpuruṣa (deva+rājan)

• deva – god, deity
  noun (masculine)
• rājan – king
  noun (masculine)

Note: Agent of 'dattām'.

दत्ताम् (dattām) - granted (given, granted)

(participle)

Accusative, feminine, singular of datta

datta - given, granted, presented

past passive participle

From root dā (to give) with 'kta' suffix.

Root: dā (class 3)

Note: Qualifies 'śaktim'.

दिव्याम् (divyām) - divine (divine, heavenly)

(adjective)

Accusative, feminine, singular of divya

divya - divine, heavenly, celestial

Derived from 'div' (heaven, sky).

Note: Qualifies 'śaktim'.

शक्तिम् (śaktim) - the spear (divine weapon) (power, strength, spear, weapon)

(noun)

Accusative, feminine, singular of śakti

śakti - power, strength, energy, spear, divine weapon

action noun

From root śak (to be able).

Root: śak (class 5)

Note: The primary object of 'aśrauṣam'.

व्यंसिताम् (vyaṁsitām) - rendered useless/wasted (rendered useless, wasted, destroyed)

(participle)

Accusative, feminine, singular of vyaṃsita

vyaṁsita - rendered useless, wasted, foiled, destroyed

past passive participle

From root aṃs (to reach, obtain) with prefix vi-, forming 'to render vain, frustrate'. 'kta' suffix.

Prefix: vi

Root: aṃs (class 1)

Note: Describes the fate of the 'śakti'.

माधवेन (mādhavena) - by Krishna (by Mādhava (Krishna))

(noun)

Instrumental, masculine, singular of mādhava

mādhava - descendant of Madhu, Krishna, a name of Viṣṇu

patronymic

Derived from Madhu (name of an ancestor) with suffix 'a'.

Note: Krishna orchestrated the use of the spear.

घटोत्कचे (ghaṭotkace) - on Ghaṭotkaca

(noun)

Locative, masculine, singular of ghaṭotkaca

ghaṭotkaca - Ghaṭotkaca (name of Bhīma's demon son)

A bahuvrīhi compound meaning 'whose head is like a pot and hairless'.

Compound type : bahuvrīhi (ghaṭa+utkaca)

• ghaṭa – pot, jar
  noun (masculine)
• utkaca – hairless, bald
  adjective (masculine)
  From ut (out) + kaca (hair).
  Prefix: ut

Note: Indicates the target of the 'śakti'.

राक्षसे (rākṣase) - the demon (Ghaṭotkaca) (on the demon, in the demon)

(noun)

Locative, masculine, singular of rākṣasa

rākṣasa - demon, evil spirit

Derived from 'rakṣas' (harm, injury).

Note: Qualifies 'ghaṭotkace'.

घोररूपे (ghorarūpe) - of terrifying form (of terrible form, terrifying)

(adjective)

Locative, masculine, singular of ghorarūpa

ghorarūpa - of terrible form, terrifying, awful-looking

A bahuvrīhi compound meaning 'whose form is terrible'.

Compound type : bahuvrīhi (ghora+rūpa)

• ghora – terrible, dreadful, formidable
  adjective (masculine)
• rūpa – form, shape, appearance
  noun (neuter)

Note: Qualifies 'ghaṭotkace'.

तदा (tadā) - then, at that moment (then, at that time)

(indeclinable)

न (na) - not (not, no)

(indeclinable)

आशंसे (āśaṁse) - I hoped, I expected (I hope, I expect)

(verb)

1st person , singular, middle, present (laṭ) of āśaṃs

Root śaṃs (to praise, declare) with prefix ā- (towards) forming a verb meaning to hope/expect.

Prefix: ā

Root: śaṃs (class 1)

Note: The speaker is Dhṛtarāṣṭra.

विजयाय (vijayāya) - for victory

(noun)

Dative, masculine, singular of vijaya

vijaya - victory, triumph, conquest

action noun

Formed from root ji (to conquer) with prefix vi-.

Prefix: vi

Root: ji (class 1)

Note: The object of hope/expectation.

संजय (saṁjaya) - O Saṃjaya

(noun)

Vocative, masculine, singular of saṃjaya

saṁjaya - Saṃjaya (name of Dhṛtarāṣṭra's charioteer and narrator)

Formed from root ji (to conquer) with prefix sam-.

Prefix: sam

Root: ji (class 1)

Note: The addressee of Dhṛtarāṣṭra.