महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-1, chapter-1, verse-142

यदाश्रौषं कर्णघटोत्कचाभ्यां युद्धे मुक्तां सूतपुत्रेण शक्तिम् ।
यया वध्यः समरे सव्यसाची तदा नाशंसे विजयाय संजय ॥१४२॥

142. yadāśrauṣaṁ karṇaghaṭotkacābhyāṁ; yuddhe muktāṁ sūtaputreṇa śaktim ,
yayā vadhyaḥ samare savyasācī; tadā nāśaṁse vijayāya saṁjaya.

142. yadā aśrauṣam karṇaghaṭotkacābhyām
yuddhe muktām sūtaputreṇa śaktim
yayā vadhyaḥ samare savyasācī
tadā na āśaṃse vijayāya saṃjaya

142. O Saṃjaya, when I heard that the spear, with which Savyasācin (Arjuna) was meant to be killed in battle, had been discharged by Karṇa, the son of the charioteer, during the battle between Karṇa and Ghaṭotkaca, then I lost all hope for victory.

Words meanings summery:

• यदा (yadā) - when (when, at what time)

• अश्रौषम् (aśrauṣam) - I heard

• कर्णघटोत्कचाभ्याम् (karṇaghaṭotkacābhyām) - between Karṇa and Ghaṭotkaca (by Karṇa and Ghaṭotkaca, between Karṇa and Ghaṭotkaca)

• युद्धे (yuddhe) - in battle (in battle, in fight)

• मुक्ताम् (muktām) - discharged (released, discharged)

• सूतपुत्रेण (sūtaputreṇa) - by Karṇa (by the son of a charioteer (Karṇa))

• शक्तिम् (śaktim) - the spear (divine weapon) (power, strength, spear, weapon)

• यया (yayā) - with which (by which)

• वध्यः (vadhyaḥ) - was destined to be killed (to be killed, killable, doomed to die)

• समरे (samare) - in battle (in battle, in war)

• सव्यसाची (savyasācī) - Savyasācin (Arjuna) (Savyasācin (Arjuna, 'ambidextrous'))

• तदा (tadā) - then, at that moment (then, at that time)

• न (na) - not (not, no)

• आशंसे (āśaṁse) - I hoped, I expected (I hope, I expect)

• विजयाय (vijayāya) - for victory

• संजय (saṁjaya) - O Saṃjaya

Words meanings and morphology

यदा (yadā) - when (when, at what time)

(indeclinable)

अश्रौषम् (aśrauṣam) - I heard

(verb)

1st person , singular, active, aorist (luṅ) of śru

Root: śru (class 5)

Note: Implies 'I came to know' or 'I learned'.

कर्णघटोत्कचाभ्याम् (karṇaghaṭotkacābhyām) - between Karṇa and Ghaṭotkaca (by Karṇa and Ghaṭotkaca, between Karṇa and Ghaṭotkaca)

(noun)

Instrumental, masculine, dual of karṇaghaṭotkaca

karṇaghaṭotkaca - Karṇa and Ghaṭotkaca

A dvandva compound listing two individuals: Karṇa and Ghaṭotkaca.

Compound type : dvandva (karṇa+ghaṭotkaca)

• karṇa – Karṇa (name of a warrior)
  noun (masculine)
• ghaṭotkaca – Ghaṭotkaca (name of Bhīma's demon son)
  noun (masculine)
  A bahuvrīhi compound meaning 'whose head is like a pot and hairless'.

Note: Used with 'yuddhe' to specify the participants in the battle.

युद्धे (yuddhe) - in battle (in battle, in fight)

(noun)

Locative, neuter, singular of yuddha

yuddha - battle, fight, war

action noun / past passive participle used as noun

From root yudh (to fight).

Root: yudh (class 4)

Note: Specifies the location/circumstance of the spear's discharge.

मुक्ताम् (muktām) - discharged (released, discharged)

(participle)

Accusative, feminine, singular of mukta

mukta - released, freed, discharged

past passive participle

From root muc (to release, free) with 'kta' suffix.

Root: muc (class 6)

Note: Describes the 'śaktim'.

सूतपुत्रेण (sūtaputreṇa) - by Karṇa (by the son of a charioteer (Karṇa))

(noun)

Instrumental, masculine, singular of sūtaputra

sūtaputra - son of a charioteer (epithet for Karṇa)

A ṣaṣṭhī-tatpuruṣa compound meaning 'son of a charioteer'.

Compound type : ṣaṣṭhī-tatpuruṣa (sūta+putra)

• sūta – charioteer
  noun (masculine)
• putra – son
  noun (masculine)

Note: Refers to Karṇa, who was raised by a charioteer.

शक्तिम् (śaktim) - the spear (divine weapon) (power, strength, spear, weapon)

(noun)

Accusative, feminine, singular of śakti

śakti - power, strength, energy, spear, divine weapon

action noun

From root śak (to be able).

Root: śak (class 5)

Note: The object heard about.

यया (yayā) - with which (by which)

(pronoun)

Instrumental, feminine, singular of yad

yad - which, what, that

Note: Refers to 'śaktim' and introduces a relative clause.

वध्यः (vadhyaḥ) - was destined to be killed (to be killed, killable, doomed to die)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of vadhya

vadhya - to be killed, killable, liable to be slain

future passive participle (gerundive)

From root vadh (to strike, kill) with 'ṇyat' suffix.

Root: vadh (class 1)

Note: Implies a predestined or intended killing.

समरे (samare) - in battle (in battle, in war)

(noun)

Locative, masculine, singular of samara

samara - battle, war, combat

Formed from root ṛ (to go) with prefix sam-.

Prefix: sam

Root: ṛ (class 1)

Note: Refers to the context of the potential killing of Arjuna.

सव्यसाची (savyasācī) - Savyasācin (Arjuna) (Savyasācin (Arjuna, 'ambidextrous'))

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of savyasācin

savyasācin - Savyasācin (epithet of Arjuna, meaning 'ambidextrous' or 'shooting with the left hand')

A bahuvrīhi compound meaning 'who shoots with the left hand'.

Compound type : bahuvrīhi (savya+sācin)

• savya – left, left hand
  adjective (masculine)
• sācin – shooter, thrower
  noun (masculine)
  agent noun
  Derived from a root related to 'shooting' or 'throwing' (e.g., from sāyaka 'arrow').

Note: Epithet of Arjuna.

तदा (tadā) - then, at that moment (then, at that time)

(indeclinable)

न (na) - not (not, no)

(indeclinable)

आशंसे (āśaṁse) - I hoped, I expected (I hope, I expect)

(verb)

1st person , singular, middle, present (laṭ) of āśaṃs

Root śaṃs (to praise, declare) with prefix ā- (towards) forming a verb meaning to hope/expect.

Prefix: ā

Root: śaṃs (class 1)

Note: The speaker is Dhṛtarāṣṭra.

विजयाय (vijayāya) - for victory

(noun)

Dative, masculine, singular of vijaya

vijaya - victory, triumph, conquest

action noun

Formed from root ji (to conquer) with prefix vi-.

Prefix: vi

Root: ji (class 1)

Note: The object of hope/expectation.

संजय (saṁjaya) - O Saṃjaya

(noun)

Vocative, masculine, singular of saṃjaya

saṁjaya - Saṃjaya (name of Dhṛtarāṣṭra's charioteer and narrator)

Formed from root ji (to conquer) with prefix sam-.

Prefix: sam

Root: ji (class 1)

Note: The addressee of Dhṛtarāṣṭra.