महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-1, chapter-1, verse-139

यदाश्रौषं कर्णमासाद्य मुक्तं वधाद्भीमं कुत्सयित्वा वचोभिः ।
धनुष्कोट्या तुद्य कर्णेन वीरं तदा नाशंसे विजयाय संजय ॥१३९॥

139. yadāśrauṣaṁ karṇamāsādya muktaṁ; vadhādbhīmaṁ kutsayitvā vacobhiḥ ,
dhanuṣkoṭyā tudya karṇena vīraṁ; tadā nāśaṁse vijayāya saṁjaya.

139. yadā aśrauṣam karṇam āsādya muktam
vadhāt bhīmam kutsayitvā vacobhiḥ
dhanuṣkoṭyā tudya karṇena vīram
tadā na āśaṃse vijayāya saṃjaya

139. O Saṃjaya, when I heard that Karṇa, having confronted Bhīma, released him from death after reviling him with words and prodding that hero with the tip of his bow, then I lost all hope for victory.

Words meanings summery:

• यदा (yadā) - when (when, at what time)

• अश्रौषम् (aśrauṣam) - I heard

• कर्णम् (karṇam) - Karṇa

• आसाद्य (āsādya) - having confronted (having reached, having approached, having confronted)

• मुक्तम् (muktam) - released (released, freed)

• वधात् (vadhāt) - from death (from death, from slaughter)

• भीमम् (bhīmam) - Bhīma (Bhīma (name of a warrior))

• कुत्सयित्वा (kutsayitvā) - having reviled (having reviled, having reproached)

• वचोभिः (vacobhiḥ) - with words (with words, by speeches)

• धनुष्कोट्या (dhanuṣkoṭyā) - with the tip of his bow (with the tip of the bow)

• तुद्य (tudya) - having poked (having poked, having pricked)

• कर्णेन (karṇena) - by Karṇa

• वीरम् (vīram) - the hero (Bhīma) (the hero)

• तदा (tadā) - then, at that moment (then, at that time)

• न (na) - not (not, no)

• आशंसे (āśaṁse) - I hoped, I expected (I hope, I expect)

• विजयाय (vijayāya) - for victory

• संजय (saṁjaya) - O Saṃjaya

Words meanings and morphology

यदा (yadā) - when (when, at what time)

(indeclinable)

अश्रौषम् (aśrauṣam) - I heard

(verb)

1st person , singular, active, aorist (luṅ) of śru

Root: śru (class 5)

Note: Implies 'I came to know' or 'I learned'.

कर्णम् (karṇam) - Karṇa

(noun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of karṇa

karṇa - ear, Karṇa (name of a warrior)

Note: The object of 'aśrauṣam', but also the agent of the following actions ('āsādya', 'kutsayitvā', 'tudya').

आसाद्य (āsādya) - having confronted (having reached, having approached, having confronted)

(indeclinable)

absolutive (gerund)

Absolutive form from root sad (to sit, settle) with prefix ā-.

Prefix: ā

Root: sad (class 1)

Note: Its agent is Karṇa, and its object is Bhīma (implied).

मुक्तम् (muktam) - released (released, freed)

(participle)

Accusative, masculine, singular of mukta

mukta - released, freed, liberated

past passive participle

From root muc (to release, free) with 'kta' suffix.

Root: muc (class 6)

Note: Describes Bhīma, agreeing with 'bhīmam' and 'vīram'. Karṇa is the implicit agent of releasing.

वधात् (vadhāt) - from death (from death, from slaughter)

(noun)

Ablative, masculine, singular of vadha

vadha - killing, slaughter, death

action noun

From root vadh (to strike, kill).

Root: vadh (class 1)

Note: Indicates separation from 'death'.

भीमम् (bhīmam) - Bhīma (Bhīma (name of a warrior))

(noun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of bhīma

bhīma - terrible, formidable, Bhīma (name of a Pāṇḍava)

Derived from the root bhī (to fear).

Root: bhī (class 3)

Note: Object of 'kutsayitvā' and the one described as 'muktam'.

कुत्सयित्वा (kutsayitvā) - having reviled (having reviled, having reproached)

(indeclinable)

absolutive (gerund)

Absolutive form from root kuts (to despise, blame), likely via a causative or denominative stem.

Root: kuts (class 10)

Note: Its agent is Karṇa, and its object is Bhīma.

वचोभिः (vacobhiḥ) - with words (with words, by speeches)

(noun)

Instrumental, neuter, plural of vacas

vacas - word, speech, saying

Note: The means by which Karṇa reviled Bhīma.

धनुष्कोट्या (dhanuṣkoṭyā) - with the tip of his bow (with the tip of the bow)

(noun)

Instrumental, feminine, singular of dhanuṣkoṭi

dhanuṣkoṭi - bow's tip, end of a bow

A ṣaṣṭhī-tatpuruṣa compound meaning 'tip of the bow'.

Compound type : ṣaṣṭhī-tatpuruṣa (dhanus+koṭi)

• dhanus – bow
  noun (neuter)
• koṭi – point, tip, end
  noun (feminine)

Note: The instrument used for poking.

तुद्य (tudya) - having poked (having poked, having pricked)

(indeclinable)

absolutive (gerund)

Absolutive form from root tud (to poke, prick).

Root: tud (class 6)

Note: Its agent is Karṇa, and its object is 'vīram' (Bhīma).

कर्णेन (karṇena) - by Karṇa

(noun)

Instrumental, masculine, singular of karṇa

karṇa - ear, Karṇa (name of a warrior)

Note: Agent of 'tudya'.

वीरम् (vīram) - the hero (Bhīma) (the hero)

(noun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of vīra

vīra - hero, brave man, warrior

Note: Refers to Bhīma, the object of 'tudya'.

तदा (tadā) - then, at that moment (then, at that time)

(indeclinable)

न (na) - not (not, no)

(indeclinable)

आशंसे (āśaṁse) - I hoped, I expected (I hope, I expect)

(verb)

1st person , singular, middle, present (laṭ) of āśaṃs

Root śaṃs (to praise, declare) with prefix ā- (towards) forming a verb meaning to hope/expect.

Prefix: ā

Root: śaṃs (class 1)

Note: The speaker is Dhṛtarāṣṭra.

विजयाय (vijayāya) - for victory

(noun)

Dative, masculine, singular of vijaya

vijaya - victory, triumph, conquest

action noun

Formed from root ji (to conquer) with prefix vi-.

Prefix: vi

Root: ji (class 1)

Note: The object of hope/expectation.

संजय (saṁjaya) - O Saṃjaya

(noun)

Vocative, masculine, singular of saṃjaya

saṁjaya - Saṃjaya (name of Dhṛtarāṣṭra's charioteer and narrator)

Formed from root ji (to conquer) with prefix sam-.

Prefix: sam

Root: ji (class 1)

Note: The addressee of Dhṛtarāṣṭra.