महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-12, chapter-59, verse-14

नैव राज्यं न राजासीन्न दण्डो न च दाण्डिकः ।
धर्मेणैव प्रजाः सर्वा रक्षन्ति च परस्परम् ॥१४॥

14. naiva rājyaṁ na rājāsīnna daṇḍo na ca dāṇḍikaḥ ,
dharmeṇaiva prajāḥ sarvā rakṣanti ca parasparam.

14. na eva rājyam na rājā āsīt na daṇḍaḥ na ca dāṇḍikaḥ
| dharmeṇa eva prajāḥ sarvāḥ rakṣanti ca parasparam

14. rājyam na eva,
rājā na āsīt,
daṇḍaḥ na ca dāṇḍikaḥ.
sarvāḥ prajāḥ ca dharmeṇa eva parasparam rakṣanti.

14. Neither a kingdom nor a king existed; neither punishment nor a punisher. All the subjects protected each other solely by their intrinsic nature (dharma).

Words meanings summery:

• न (na) - neither (not, no)

• एव (eva) - only, just, indeed, solely

• राज्यम् (rājyam) - kingdom (kingdom, realm, sovereignty)

• न (na) - nor (not, no)

• राजा (rājā) - king (king, ruler)

• आसीत् (āsīt) - existed (he/she/it was, existed)

• न (na) - neither (not, no)

• दण्डः (daṇḍaḥ) - punishment (stick, rod, staff, punishment, chastisement)

• न (na) - not, no

• च (ca) - nor (and, also, moreover)

• दाण्डिकः (dāṇḍikaḥ) - a punisher (one who punishes, a punisher, a judge)

• धर्मेण (dharmeṇa) - by their intrinsic nature (dharma) (by natural law, by intrinsic nature, by righteousness)

• एव (eva) - solely (only, just, indeed, solely)

• प्रजाः (prajāḥ) - subjects (subjects, progeny, creatures, people)

• सर्वाः (sarvāḥ) - all (all, every, whole)

• रक्षन्ति (rakṣanti) - protected (they protect, guard, preserve)

• च (ca) - and (and, also, moreover)

• परस्परम् (parasparam) - each other (mutually, reciprocally, each other)

Words meanings and morphology

न (na) - neither (not, no)

(indeclinable)

एव (eva) - only, just, indeed, solely

(indeclinable)

Note: Forms 'naiva' with preceding 'na', intensifying the negation to 'neither...nor'.

राज्यम् (rājyam) - kingdom (kingdom, realm, sovereignty)

(noun)

Nominative, neuter, singular of rājya

rājya - kingdom, realm, sovereignty, royalty

From rājan (king) + -ya (suffix forming noun of state/condition)

न (na) - nor (not, no)

(indeclinable)

राजा (rājā) - king (king, ruler)

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of rājan

rājan - king, ruler, prince

From root rāj- 'to rule, shine'

Root: rāj

आसीत् (āsīt) - existed (he/she/it was, existed)

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, past imperfect (laṅ) of as

Imperfect 3rd singular

Root 'as' (class 2) in past imperfect tense

Root: as (class 2)

न (na) - neither (not, no)

(indeclinable)

दण्डः (daṇḍaḥ) - punishment (stick, rod, staff, punishment, chastisement)

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of daṇḍa

daṇḍa - staff, stick, rod, punishment, fine, chastisement

न (na) - not, no

(indeclinable)

च (ca) - nor (and, also, moreover)

(indeclinable)

Note: Used with 'na' to form 'neither...nor'.

दाण्डिकः (dāṇḍikaḥ) - a punisher (one who punishes, a punisher, a judge)

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of dāṇḍika

dāṇḍika - one who punishes, a punisher, a judge, police officer

From daṇḍa (punishment) + -ika (suffix forming agent noun)

धर्मेण (dharmeṇa) - by their intrinsic nature (dharma) (by natural law, by intrinsic nature, by righteousness)

(noun)

Instrumental, masculine, singular of dharma

dharma - natural law, intrinsic nature, righteousness, duty, virtue, constitution, religious ordinance

From root dhṛ 'to hold, support'

Root: dhṛ

एव (eva) - solely (only, just, indeed, solely)

(indeclinable)

Note: Emphasizes that protection was *only* by dharma.

प्रजाः (prajāḥ) - subjects (subjects, progeny, creatures, people)

(noun)

Nominative, feminine, plural of prajā

prajā - progeny, offspring, subjects, people, creatures

From pra- (prefix) + root jan- (to be born)

Prefix: pra

Root: jan

सर्वाः (sarvāḥ) - all (all, every, whole)

(adjective)

Nominative, feminine, plural of sarva

sarva - all, every, whole, entire

Note: Agrees with 'prajāḥ'.

रक्षन्ति (rakṣanti) - protected (they protect, guard, preserve)

(verb)

3rd person , plural, active, present indicative (laṭ) of rakṣ

Present 3rd plural

Root 'rakṣ' (class 1) in present indicative tense

Root: rakṣ (class 1)

च (ca) - and (and, also, moreover)

(indeclinable)

परस्परम् (parasparam) - each other (mutually, reciprocally, each other)

(indeclinable)

From para (other) + apara (touching, relating)

Compound type : avyayībhāva (para+apara)

• para – other, another, supreme
  pronoun/adjective
• apara – other, another, not supreme
  pronoun/adjective
  From 'a-' (negation) + 'para' (other)
  Prefix: a

Note: Functions adverbially.