महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-13, chapter-107, verse-40

य उच्छिष्टः प्रवदति स्वाध्यायं चाधिगच्छति ।
यश्चानध्यायकालेऽपि मोहादभ्यस्यति द्विजः ।
तस्माद्युक्तोऽप्यनध्याये नाधीयीत कदाचन ॥४०॥

40. ya ucchiṣṭaḥ pravadati svādhyāyaṁ cādhigacchati ,
yaścānadhyāyakāle'pi mohādabhyasyati dvijaḥ ,
tasmādyukto'pyanadhyāye nādhīyīta kadācana.

40. yaḥ ucchiṣṭaḥ pravadati svādhyāyam ca
adhigacchati yaḥ ca anadhyāyakāle api
mohāt abhyasyati dvijaḥ tasmāt yuktaḥ
api anadhyāye na adhīyīta kadācana

40. yaḥ dvijaḥ ucchiṣṭaḥ pravadati ca
svādhyāyam adhigacchati ca yaḥ mohāt
anadhyāyakāle api abhyasyati tasmāt yuktaḥ
api anadhyāye kadācana na adhīyīta

40. The twice-born (dvija) who speaks while ritually impure (ucchiṣṭa) and also engages in sacred study (svādhyāya), and who, even during a period forbidden for study (anadhyāyakāla), practices due to delusion (moha) – for this reason, even if otherwise prepared, one should never study during such a forbidden period.

Words meanings summery:

• यः (yaḥ) - That (person) who (who, which)

• उच्छिष्टः (ucchiṣṭaḥ) - ritually impure due to having eaten (leftover, impure (from eating))

• प्रवदति (pravadati) - speaks (while in a state of impurity) (speaks, utters)

• स्वाध्यायम् (svādhyāyam) - study of one's own Vedic texts (self-study, sacred study)

• च (ca) - and, also

• अधिगच्छति (adhigacchati) - engages in (study) (obtains, reaches, comprehends, engages in)

• यः (yaḥ) - That (person) who (who, which)

• च (ca) - and, also

• अनध्यायकाले (anadhyāyakāle) - during a period specifically prohibited for Vedic study (during a forbidden time for study)

• अपि (api) - even, also

• मोहात् (mohāt) - out of a lack of understanding or ignorance of the rules (from delusion, due to ignorance)

• अभ्यस्यति (abhyasyati) - practices (sacred study) (practices, studies, repeats)

• द्विजः (dvijaḥ) - a Brahmin, Kshatriya, or Vaishya (twice-born)

• तस्मात् (tasmāt) - For this reason (therefore, from that)

• युक्तः (yuktaḥ) - even if otherwise prepared or fit (joined, equipped, suitable, diligent, prepared)

• अपि (api) - even, also

• अनध्याये (anadhyāye) - in a period forbidden for study

• न (na) - not

• अधीयीत (adhīyīta) - should study (sacred texts) (should study)

• कदाचन (kadācana) - ever, at any time, never (when used with na)

Words meanings and morphology

यः (yaḥ) - That (person) who (who, which)

(pronoun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of yad

yad - who, which, what

उच्छिष्टः (ucchiṣṭaḥ) - ritually impure due to having eaten (leftover, impure (from eating))

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of ucchiṣṭa

ucchiṣṭa - leftover, impure (especially after eating)

Past Passive Participle

Derived from root śiṣ- with prefix ud-

Prefix: ud

Root: śiṣ (class 7)

Note: Refers to the state of ceremonial impurity after eating without having cleansed oneself.

प्रवदति (pravadati) - speaks (while in a state of impurity) (speaks, utters)

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, present indicative (laṭ) of vad

Present indicative

Root vad- (class 1) with prefix pra-

Prefix: pra

Root: vad (class 1)

स्वाध्यायम् (svādhyāyam) - study of one's own Vedic texts (self-study, sacred study)

(noun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of svādhyāya

svādhyāya - self-study, private study, recitation of the Veda by oneself, sacred study

Compound of sva (self/own) and adhyāya (study/recitation).

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (sva+adhyāya)

• sva – self, own
  pronoun (masculine)
• adhyāya – study, reading, lesson, chapter
  noun (masculine)
  From adhi + i (to go, study)
  Prefix: adhi
  Root: i (class 2)

च (ca) - and, also

(indeclinable)

अधिगच्छति (adhigacchati) - engages in (study) (obtains, reaches, comprehends, engages in)

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, present indicative (laṭ) of gam

Present indicative

Root gam- (class 1) with prefix adhi-

Prefix: adhi

Root: gam (class 1)

यः (yaḥ) - That (person) who (who, which)

(pronoun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of yad

yad - who, which, what

च (ca) - and, also

(indeclinable)

अनध्यायकाले (anadhyāyakāle) - during a period specifically prohibited for Vedic study (during a forbidden time for study)

(noun)

Locative, masculine, singular of anadhyāyakāla

anadhyāyakāla - time unsuitable for study, period when study (especially of Vedas) is forbidden

Compound: na + adhyāya + kāla.

Compound type : nañ-tatpuruṣa (an+adhyāya+kāla)

• an – not, non-
  prefix
  Negative prefix.
• adhyāya – study, reading, lesson, chapter
  noun (masculine)
  From adhi + i (to go, study)
  Prefix: adhi
  Root: i (class 2)
• kāla – time, period
  noun (masculine)

अपि (api) - even, also

(indeclinable)

मोहात् (mohāt) - out of a lack of understanding or ignorance of the rules (from delusion, due to ignorance)

(noun)

Ablative, masculine, singular of moha

moha - delusion, infatuation, ignorance, confusion

From root muh- (to be deluded, confused)

Root: muh (class 4)

अभ्यस्यति (abhyasyati) - practices (sacred study) (practices, studies, repeats)

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, present indicative (laṭ) of as

Present indicative

Root as- (class 4) with prefix abhi-

Prefix: abhi

Root: as (class 4)

द्विजः (dvijaḥ) - a Brahmin, Kshatriya, or Vaishya (twice-born)

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of dvija

dvija - twice-born (Brahmin, Kshatriya, Vaishya); bird; tooth

Compound of dvi (twice) and ja (born).

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (dvi+ja)

• dvi – two, twice
  numeral
• ja – born, produced from
  adjective (masculine)
  Adjective derived from root jan- (to be born).
  Root: jan (class 4)

तस्मात् (tasmāt) - For this reason (therefore, from that)

(pronoun)

Ablative, masculine, singular of tad

tad - that, this

Note: Functions as a conjunction meaning 'therefore'.

युक्तः (yuktaḥ) - even if otherwise prepared or fit (joined, equipped, suitable, diligent, prepared)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of yukta

yukta - joined, yoked, equipped, fit, suitable, diligent, concentrated

Past Passive Participle

Derived from root yuj- 'to join, unite'.

Root: yuj (class 7)

अपि (api) - even, also

(indeclinable)

अनध्याये (anadhyāye) - in a period forbidden for study

(noun)

Locative, masculine, singular of anadhyāya

anadhyāya - non-study, cessation of study, period when study is forbidden

Compound: na + adhyāya.

Compound type : nañ-tatpuruṣa (an+adhyāya)

• an – not, non-
  prefix
  Negative prefix.
• adhyāya – study, reading, lesson, chapter
  noun (masculine)
  From adhi + i (to go, study)
  Prefix: adhi
  Root: i (class 2)

न (na) - not

(indeclinable)

अधीयीत (adhīyīta) - should study (sacred texts) (should study)

(verb)

3rd person , singular, middle, optative (vidhiliṅ) of adhī

Optative mood

Root i- (to go) with prefix adhi-

Prefix: adhi

Root: i (class 2)

Note: The root `i` (to go) with `adhi` means 'to go to, approach for learning', hence 'to study'.

कदाचन (kadācana) - ever, at any time, never (when used with na)

(indeclinable)

From kadā (when) + cana (particle)