महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-8, chapter-40, verse-75

निश्चेष्टं तुमुले दीनं बभौ तस्मिन्महारणे ।
प्रसन्नसलिलः काले यथा स्यात्सागरो नृप ॥७५॥

75. niśceṣṭaṁ tumule dīnaṁ babhau tasminmahāraṇe ,
prasannasalilaḥ kāle yathā syātsāgaro nṛpa.

75. niśceṣṭam tumule dīnam babhau tasmin mahāraṇe
prasannasalilaḥ kāle yathā syāt sāgaraḥ nṛpa

75. nṛpa tasmin mahāraṇe niśceṣṭam dīnam babhau
yathā kāle prasannasalilaḥ sāgaraḥ syāt

75. O King, in that great battle, it (Duryodhana's army) appeared helpless, motionless, and miserable, just as an ocean in the dry season becomes calm with clear waters.

Words meanings summery:

• निश्चेष्टम् (niśceṣṭam) - helpless, motionless (motionless, inactive, helpless, without effort)

• तुमुले (tumule) - in the fierce battle (in the tumult, in the uproar, in the battle)

• दीनम् (dīnam) - miserable (miserable, wretched, pitiable, poor)

• बभौ (babhau) - appeared (shone, appeared, became visible)

• तस्मिन् (tasmin) - in that (in that, in him)

• महारणे (mahāraṇe) - in that great battle (in the great battle)

• प्रसन्नसलिलः (prasannasalilaḥ) - with clear waters (having clear water, with tranquil waters)

• काले (kāle) - in the dry season (when rivers are calm) (in time, at the proper time, in the season)

• यथा (yathā) - just as (as, just as, like, in which way)

• स्यात् (syāt) - would be (may be, would be, should be)

• सागरः (sāgaraḥ) - ocean (ocean, sea)

• नृप (nṛpa) - O king (O king, king)

Words meanings and morphology

निश्चेष्टम् (niśceṣṭam) - helpless, motionless (motionless, inactive, helpless, without effort)

(adjective)

Nominative, neuter, singular of niśceṣṭa

niśceṣṭa - motionless, inactive, helpless

Compound 'nis' (without) + 'ceṣṭa' (movement, effort).

Compound type : bahuvrīhi (nis+ceṣṭa)

• nis – without, out, free from
  indeclinable
• ceṣṭa – movement, action, effort
  noun (masculine)
  Root: ceṣṭ (class 1)

Note: Agrees with the implied subject (Duryodhana's army).

तुमुले (tumule) - in the fierce battle (in the tumult, in the uproar, in the battle)

(noun)

Locative, masculine, singular of tumula

tumula - uproar, tumult, commotion, fierce battle

Note: Refers to the battle being described.

दीनम् (dīnam) - miserable (miserable, wretched, pitiable, poor)

(adjective)

Nominative, neuter, singular of dīna

dīna - miserable, wretched, pitiable

Past Passive Participle

From root √dī (to languish, to be sad) + kta suffix.

Root: dī (class 4)

Note: Agrees with the implied subject (Duryodhana's army).

बभौ (babhau) - appeared (shone, appeared, became visible)

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, past perfect (liṭ) of bhā

Perfect Active

From root √bhā (to shine) in the perfect tense.

Root: bhā (class 2)

Note: Main verb of the sentence.

तस्मिन् (tasmin) - in that (in that, in him)

(pronoun)

Locative, masculine, singular of tad

tad - that, that one

Note: Refers to 'mahāraṇe'.

महारणे (mahāraṇe) - in that great battle (in the great battle)

(noun)

Locative, masculine, singular of mahāraṇa

mahāraṇa - great battle, great war

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (mahā+raṇa)

• mahā – great, large
  adjective (feminine)
• raṇa – battle, war, combat
  noun (masculine)
  Root: raṇ (class 1)

Note: Adverbial modifier of place.

प्रसन्नसलिलः (prasannasalilaḥ) - with clear waters (having clear water, with tranquil waters)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of prasannasalila

prasannasalila - having clear water

Compound type : bahuvrīhi (prasanna+salila)

• prasanna – clear, tranquil, pleased
  adjective (masculine)
  Past Passive Participle
  From pra-√sad (to be clear, to be tranquil) + kta suffix.
  Prefix: pra
  Root: sad (class 1)
• salila – water
  noun (neuter)

Note: Agrees with 'sāgaraḥ'.

काले (kāle) - in the dry season (when rivers are calm) (in time, at the proper time, in the season)

(noun)

Locative, masculine, singular of kāla

kāla - time, season, proper time

Note: Adverbial modifier of time.

यथा (yathā) - just as (as, just as, like, in which way)

(indeclinable)

Note: Introduces a comparison.

स्यात् (syāt) - would be (may be, would be, should be)

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, optative (liṅ) of as

Optative Active

From root √as (to be) in the optative mood, 3rd person singular.

Root: as (class 2)

Note: Used for potential or hypothetical situations.

सागरः (sāgaraḥ) - ocean (ocean, sea)

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of sāgara

sāgara - ocean, sea

Note: Subject of the simile clause.

नृप (nṛpa) - O king (O king, king)

(noun)

Vocative, masculine, singular of nṛpa

nṛpa - king, ruler

Compound 'nṛ' (man) + 'pa' (protector).

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (nṛ+pa)

• nṛ – man, human
  noun (masculine)
• pa – protector, preserver
  noun (masculine)
  From root √pā (to protect).
  Root: pā (class 2)

Note: Addressing Dhṛtarāṣṭra.