महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-8, chapter-40, verse-45

तेषामाधिरथिः क्रुद्धो यतमानान्मनस्विनः ।
विचिन्वन्नेव बाणाग्रैः समासादयदग्रतः ॥४५॥

45. teṣāmādhirathiḥ kruddho yatamānānmanasvinaḥ ,
vicinvanneva bāṇāgraiḥ samāsādayadagrataḥ.

45. teṣām ādhirathiḥ kruddhaḥ yatamānān manasvinaḥ
vicinvan eva bāṇāgraiḥ samāsādayat agrataḥ

45. kruddhaḥ ādhirathiḥ teṣām yatamānān manasvinaḥ
vicinvan eva bāṇāgraiḥ agrataḥ samāsādayat

45. Enraged, Karṇa (the son of Adhiratha) encountered those resolute and striving (Pañcāla warriors) in front, continuously targeting them with his arrows.

Words meanings summery:

• तेषाम् (teṣām) - of those (Pañcālas) (of them, their)

• आधिरथिः (ādhirathiḥ) - Karṇa (the son of Adhiratha) (son of Adhiratha (Karṇa))

• क्रुद्धः (kruddhaḥ) - angry, enraged

• यतमानान् (yatamānān) - (the Pañcālas who were) striving (striving, endeavoring, exerting themselves)

• मनस्विनः (manasvinaḥ) - (the Pañcālas who were) resolute (resolute, high-minded, spirited)

• विचिन्वन् (vicinvan) - (while) targeting, singling out (with arrows) (picking out, selecting, searching)

• एव (eva) - indeed, continuously (emphasizing the action) (indeed, only, just, even)

• बाणाग्रैः (bāṇāgraiḥ) - with his arrows (with arrowheads, with arrows)

• समासादयत् (samāsādayat) - he met, he attacked, he encountered

• अग्रतः (agrataḥ) - head-on (in front, from the front)

Words meanings and morphology

तेषाम् (teṣām) - of those (Pañcālas) (of them, their)

(pronoun)

Genitive, masculine, plural of tad

tad - that, those

Note: Referring to the Pañcālas.

आधिरथिः (ādhirathiḥ) - Karṇa (the son of Adhiratha) (son of Adhiratha (Karṇa))

(proper noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of ādhirathi

ādhirathi - son of Adhiratha, Karṇa

A patronymic (taddhita) formed from 'Adhiratha' by adding 'i' to mean 'descendant/son of'.

क्रुद्धः (kruddhaḥ) - angry, enraged

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of kruddha

kruddha - angry, enraged

Past Passive Participle

PPP of root 'krudh' (to be angry).

Root: krudh (class 4)

Note: Qualifies 'ādhirathiḥ'.

यतमानान् (yatamānān) - (the Pañcālas who were) striving (striving, endeavoring, exerting themselves)

(adjective)

Accusative, masculine, plural of yatamāna

yatamāna - striving, endeavoring, exerting oneself

Present Middle Participle

Present participle, middle voice, from root 'yat' (to strive, endeavor). Formed with the suffix 'āna'.

Root: yat (class 1)

Note: Qualifies the implied Pañcālas.

मनस्विनः (manasvinaḥ) - (the Pañcālas who were) resolute (resolute, high-minded, spirited)

(adjective)

Accusative, masculine, plural of manasvin

manasvin - resolute, high-minded, spirited, intelligent

Formed from 'manas' (mind, spirit) with the possessive suffix 'vin'.

Note: Qualifies the implied Pañcālas.

विचिन्वन् (vicinvan) - (while) targeting, singling out (with arrows) (picking out, selecting, searching)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of ci

ci - to collect, gather, choose, seek

Present Active Participle

Present participle, active voice, from root 'ci' (to collect, choose) with prefix 'vi'. The 'vi' indicates separation or particularity. Formed with the suffix 'at/an'.

Prefix: vi

Root: ci (class 5)

Note: Qualifies 'ādhirathiḥ'.

एव (eva) - indeed, continuously (emphasizing the action) (indeed, only, just, even)

(indeclinable)

बाणाग्रैः (bāṇāgraiḥ) - with his arrows (with arrowheads, with arrows)

(noun)

Instrumental, neuter, plural of bāṇāgra

bāṇāgra - arrowhead, tip of an arrow, arrow

Compound of 'bāṇa' (arrow) and 'agra' (tip, front).

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (bāṇa+agra)

• bāṇa – arrow
  noun (masculine)
• agra – tip, front, chief
  noun (neuter)

Note: Denotes the instrument of action.

समासादयत् (samāsādayat) - he met, he attacked, he encountered

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, imperfect (laṅ) of sad

Imperfect Active

3rd person singular, Imperfect (laṅ) tense, active voice, from root 'sad' (to sit, approach) with prefixes 'sam' and 'ā'. The causal stem 'sāday' is used here, and with prefixes it means 'to bring near', 'to encounter'. 'a' is the augment for imperfect.

Prefixes: sam+ā

Root: sad (class 1)

अग्रतः (agrataḥ) - head-on (in front, from the front)

(indeclinable)

Derived from 'agra' (front) with the suffix 'tas'.