मनु-स्मृतिः
manu-smṛtiḥ
-
chapter-5, verse-21
संवत्सरस्यैकमपि चरेत कृच्छ्रं द्विजोत्तमः ।
अज्ञातभुक्तशुद्ध्यर्थं ज्ञातस्य तु विशेषतः ॥२१॥
अज्ञातभुक्तशुद्ध्यर्थं ज्ञातस्य तु विशेषतः ॥२१॥
21. saṁvatsarasyaikamapi caret kṛcchraṁ dvijottamaḥ ,
ajñātabhuktaśuddhyarthaṁ jñātasya tu viśeṣataḥ.
ajñātabhuktaśuddhyarthaṁ jñātasya tu viśeṣataḥ.
21.
saṃvatsarasya ekam api caret kṛcchram dvijottamaḥ
ajñātabhuktaśuddhyarthaṃ jñātasya tu viśeṣataḥ
ajñātabhuktaśuddhyarthaṃ jñātasya tu viśeṣataḥ
21.
dvijottamaḥ saṃvatsarasya ekam api ajñātabhuktaśuddhyarthaṃ
jñātasya tu viśeṣataḥ kṛcchram caret
jñātasya tu viśeṣataḥ kṛcchram caret
21.
A twice-born (dvija) person of the highest order should observe a difficult penance (kṛcchra) for one year, for the purification of food eaten unknowingly, and especially for food eaten knowingly.
Words meanings summery:
(Scroll down for elaborated words morphology)
- संवत्सरस्य (saṁvatsarasya) - of the year
- एकम् (ekam) - one
- अपि (api) - even (also, even, and)
- चरेत् (caret) - should observe, should practice
- कृच्छ्रम् (kṛcchram) - a difficult penance (difficulty, hardship, penance)
- द्विजोत्तमः (dvijottamaḥ) - a twice-born person of the highest order (best of the twice-born)
- अज्ञातभुक्तशुद्ध्यर्थं (ajñātabhuktaśuddhyarthaṁ) - for the purification of food eaten unknowingly (for the purification of unknowingly eaten)
- ज्ञातस्य (jñātasya) - for food eaten knowingly (of the known)
- तु (tu) - and (but, however, and)
- विशेषतः (viśeṣataḥ) - especially (especially, particularly)
Words meanings and morphology
संवत्सरस्य (saṁvatsarasya) - of the year
(noun)
Genitive, masculine, singular of saṃvatsara
saṁvatsara - year, a particular year, a specific year
एकम् (ekam) - one
(adjective)
Accusative, neuter, singular of eka
eka - one, alone, single, same, equal
Note: Modified to accusative neuter to agree with the implied noun 'period' or 'duration'.
अपि (api) - even (also, even, and)
(indeclinable)
चरेत् (caret) - should observe, should practice
(verb)
3rd person , middle, potential (la) of car
Atmanepada, Imperfect, 3rd Person Singular
Root 'car' (to move, to practice), ātmanepada, imperfect tense (l-aorist), 3rd person singular, indicative mood. Represents a continuous or habitual action in the past, often translated as 'used to' or 'would'. Here it functions as a potential mood, 'should practice'.
Root: car (class 1)
कृच्छ्रम् (kṛcchram) - a difficult penance (difficulty, hardship, penance)
(noun)
Accusative, neuter, singular of kṛcchra
kṛcchra - difficult, hard, painful, distress, trouble, penance
Note: Acts as the direct object of 'caret'.
द्विजोत्तमः (dvijottamaḥ) - a twice-born person of the highest order (best of the twice-born)
(noun)
Nominative, masculine, singular of dvijottama
dvijottama - best among the twice-born, excellent Brahmin
Compound of dvi (two) + ja (born) + uttama (best).
Compound type : tatpurusha (dvi+ja+uttama)
- dvi – two
indeclinable - ja – born, produced
noun (masculine)
Past Passive Participle of √jan (to be born)
From the root 'jan' (to be born), literally 'born'.
Root: jan (class 4) - uttama – best, highest, excellent
adjective (masculine)
Note: Subject of the sentence.
अज्ञातभुक्तशुद्ध्यर्थं (ajñātabhuktaśuddhyarthaṁ) - for the purification of food eaten unknowingly (for the purification of unknowingly eaten)
(noun)
Accusative, masculine, singular of ajñātabhuktaśuddhyartha
ajñātabhuktaśuddhyartha - for the purpose of purifying what has been eaten unknowingly
Compound: ajñāta (unknown) + bhukta (eaten) + śuddhi (purification) + artha (purpose).
Compound type : tatpurusha (ajñāta+bhukta+śuddhi+artha)
- ajñāta – unknown, not known
adjective (masculine)
Past Passive Participle of √jñā (to know) with negation
From the root 'jñā' (to know), negated by 'a-', and formed as a past passive participle.
Prefix: a
Root: jñā (class 9) - bhukta – eaten, consumed
adjective (masculine)
Past Passive Participle of √bhuñj (to eat)
From the root 'bhuñj' (to eat), formed as a past passive participle.
Root: bhuñj (class 1) - śuddhi – purification, purity
noun (feminine)
Derived from the root 'śudh' (to be pure).
Root: śudh (class 4) - artha – purpose, cause, reason, meaning
noun (masculine)
Note: Indicates the purpose for the penance.
ज्ञातस्य (jñātasya) - for food eaten knowingly (of the known)
(adjective)
Genitive, masculine, singular of jñāta
jñāta - known, understood
Past Passive Participle of √jñā (to know)
From the root 'jñā' (to know), formed as a past passive participle.
Root: jñā (class 9)
Note: Implied connection to 'śuddhyarthaṃ' (for purification) and 'bhukta' (eaten).
तु (tu) - and (but, however, and)
(indeclinable)
विशेषतः (viśeṣataḥ) - especially (especially, particularly)
(indeclinable)
Derived from 'viśeṣa' (difference, distinction, specialty) in the ablative case, functioning adverbially.