महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-7, chapter-165, verse-31

एकस्यार्थे बहून्हत्वा पुत्रस्याधर्मविद्यथा ।
स्वकर्मस्थान्विकर्मस्थो न व्यपत्रपसे कथम् ॥३१॥

31. ekasyārthe bahūnhatvā putrasyādharmavidyathā ,
svakarmasthānvikarmastho na vyapatrapase katham.

31. ekasya arthe bahūn hatvā putrasya adharmavit yathā
svakarmasthān vikarmasthaḥ na vyapatrapase katham

31. yathā adharmavit vikarmasthaḥ ekasya putrasya arthe
bahūn svakarmasthān hatvā katham na vyapatrapase

31. How is it that you, who know unrighteousness (adharma) and are engaged in improper actions (vikarma), are not ashamed after killing many who were dedicated to their own proper duties (dharma) for the sake of one son?

Words meanings summery:

• एकस्य (ekasya) - of one, singular, unique

• अर्थे (arthe) - for the sake (for the sake, for the purpose, in the object)

• बहून् (bahūn) - many, numerous

• हत्वा (hatvā) - having killed, after killing

• पुत्रस्य (putrasya) - for the son (of the son, for the son)

• अधर्मवित् (adharmavit) - one who knows unrighteousness, knowing what is not dharma

• यथा (yathā) - as (as, just as, like)

• स्वकर्मस्थान् (svakarmasthān) - those established in their own duties, those performing their own karma

• विकर्मस्थः (vikarmasthaḥ) - one engaged in improper actions, standing in wrong actions

• न (na) - not, no

• व्यपत्रपसे (vyapatrapase) - you are ashamed, you feel shame

• कथम् (katham) - how (how, why)

Words meanings and morphology

एकस्य (ekasya) - of one, singular, unique

(numeral)

Note: Refers to 'putrasya'.

अर्थे (arthe) - for the sake (for the sake, for the purpose, in the object)

(noun)

Locative, masculine, singular of artha

artha - purpose, aim, meaning, object, wealth

Note: Used here with genitive 'ekasya' to mean 'for the sake of'.

बहून् (bahūn) - many, numerous

(adjective)

Accusative, masculine, plural of bahu

bahu - many, much, numerous

Note: Qualifies 'svakarmasthān'.

हत्वा (hatvā) - having killed, after killing

(indeclinable)

absolutive/gerund

Derived from root √han with suffix -tvā

Root: han (class 2)

Note: Indicates an action completed before the main verb.

पुत्रस्य (putrasya) - for the son (of the son, for the son)

(noun)

Genitive, masculine, singular of putra

putra - son, child

Note: Connected to 'ekasya arthe'.

अधर्मवित् (adharmavit) - one who knows unrighteousness, knowing what is not dharma

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of adharmavit

adharmavit - knower of adharma, unrighteous

Compound formed from 'adharma' and 'vit' (from √vid 'to know')

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (adharma+vit)

• adharma – unrighteousness, opposite of dharma
  noun (masculine)
  Negative compound of 'dharma'
• vit – knower, understanding
  noun/adjective (masculine/feminine/neuter)
  Derived from root √vid (to know)
  Root: vid (class 2)

Note: Qualifies the implied subject (you).

यथा (yathā) - as (as, just as, like)

(indeclinable)

स्वकर्मस्थान् (svakarmasthān) - those established in their own duties, those performing their own karma

(adjective)

Accusative, masculine, plural of svakarmastha

svakarmastha - standing in one's own duty (karma), performing one's own work

Compound of 'sva-karma' and 'stha' (from √sthā 'to stand')

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (sva+karma+stha)

• sva – own, one's own
  pronoun/adjective (masculine/feminine/neuter)
• karma – action, deed, duty (karma)
  noun (neuter)
  Root: kṛ (class 8)
• stha – standing, abiding, situated
  adjective (masculine/feminine/neuter)
  Derived from root √sthā
  Root: sthā (class 1)

Note: Object of 'hatvā'.

विकर्मस्थः (vikarmasthaḥ) - one engaged in improper actions, standing in wrong actions

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of vikarmastha

vikarmastha - standing in improper actions (vikarma), doing wrong deeds

Compound of 'vikarma' and 'stha'

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (vikarma+stha)

• vikarma – improper action, wrong action (vikarma)
  noun (neuter)
  Compound with prefix 'vi'
  Prefix: vi
  Root: kṛ (class 8)
• stha – standing, abiding, situated
  adjective (masculine/feminine/neuter)
  Derived from root √sthā
  Root: sthā (class 1)

Note: Qualifies the implied subject (you).

न (na) - not, no

(indeclinable)

व्यपत्रपसे (vyapatrapase) - you are ashamed, you feel shame

(verb)

2nd person , singular, middle, present indicative (laṭ) of vyapatrap

present indicative

Derived from root √trap (to be ashamed) with prefixes vi-apa

Prefixes: vi+apa

Root: trap (class 1)

कथम् (katham) - how (how, why)

(indeclinable)