महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-7, chapter-165, verse-118

तं दृष्ट्वा परमोद्विग्नं शोकोपहतचेतसम् ।
पाञ्चालराजस्य सुतः क्रूरकर्मा समाद्रवत् ॥११८॥

118. taṁ dṛṣṭvā paramodvignaṁ śokopahatacetasam ,
pāñcālarājasya sutaḥ krūrakarmā samādravat.

118. tam dṛṣṭvā parama udvignam śoka upahata cetasam
| pāñcāla-rājasya sutaḥ krūra-karmā sam-adravat

118. [saḥ] tam parama-udvignam śoka-upahata-cetasam
dṛṣṭvā pāñcāla-rājasya sutaḥ krūra-karmā samādravat

118. Seeing him (droṇa) greatly agitated and with his mind afflicted by sorrow, the son of the Panchala king (pāñcāla-rāja), who was of cruel deeds, rushed forward (to attack him).

Words meanings summery:

• तम् (tam) - him (Drona) (him, that (accusative))

• दृष्ट्वा (dṛṣṭvā) - having seen

• परम (parama) - greatly (supreme, highest, greatest)

• उद्विग्नम् (udvignam) - agitated (agitated, disturbed, distressed)

• शोक (śoka) - sorrow (sorrow, grief)

• उपहत (upahata) - afflicted (struck, afflicted, destroyed)

• चेतसम् (cetasam) - (his) mind (mind, intellect (accusative))

• पाञ्चाल-राजस्य (pāñcāla-rājasya) - of the Panchala king (Drupada) (of the king of Panchala)

• सुतः (sutaḥ) - the son (Dhṛṣṭadyumna) (son)

• क्रूर-कर्मा (krūra-karmā) - of cruel deeds (Dhṛṣṭadyumna) (having cruel deeds, cruel in action)

• समाद्रवत् (samādravat) - rushed forward (to attack) (he ran towards, rushed)

Words meanings and morphology

तम् (tam) - him (Drona) (him, that (accusative))

(pronoun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of tad

tad - that, he, she, it

Note: Object of 'dṛṣṭvā'.

दृष्ट्वा (dṛṣṭvā) - having seen

(indeclinable)

Absolutive (Gerund)

From root 'dṛś' (to see) with 'tvā' suffix.

Root: dṛś (class 1)

Note: Connects to 'samādravat'.

परम (parama) - greatly (supreme, highest, greatest)

(adjective)

Accusative, masculine, singular of parama

parama - supreme, highest, utmost, excellent, greatest

Note: First part of compound 'parama-udvignam'.

उद्विग्नम् (udvignam) - agitated (agitated, disturbed, distressed)

(adjective)

Accusative, masculine, singular of udvigna

udvigna - agitated, disturbed, distressed, anxious

Past Passive Participle

From root 'vij' (to tremble, fear) with prefix 'ud'.

Prefix: ud

Root: vij (class 6)

Note: Qualifies 'tam' (Drona).

शोक (śoka) - sorrow (sorrow, grief)

(noun)

masculine, singular of śoka

śoka - sorrow, grief, lamentation, distress

From root 'śuc' (to grieve, burn).

Root: śuc (class 1)

Note: First part of compound 'śoka-upahata-cetasam'.

उपहत (upahata) - afflicted (struck, afflicted, destroyed)

(adjective)

masculine, singular of upahata

upahata - struck, afflicted, damaged, destroyed

Past Passive Participle

From root 'han' (to strike, kill) with prefix 'upa'.

Prefix: upa

Root: han (class 2)

Note: Middle part of compound 'śoka-upahata-cetasam'.

चेतसम् (cetasam) - (his) mind (mind, intellect (accusative))

(noun)

Accusative, neuter, singular of cetas

cetas - mind, intellect, consciousness, heart

From root 'cit' (to perceive, know).

Root: cit (class 1)

Note: Last part of compound 'śoka-upahata-cetasam'. The compound as a whole is an adjective modifying 'tam' (Drona), hence in accusative.

पाञ्चाल-राजस्य (pāñcāla-rājasya) - of the Panchala king (Drupada) (of the king of Panchala)

(proper noun)

Genitive, masculine, singular of pāñcāla-rāja

pāñcāla-rāja - king of the Panchalas

Compound: pāñcāla (Panchala people/country) + rāja (king).

Compound type : tatpurusha (pāñcāla+rāja)

• pāñcāla – belonging to the Panchalas (a people/country)
  proper noun (masculine)
• rāja – king, ruler
  noun (masculine)

Note: Possessive, qualifies 'sutaḥ'.

सुतः (sutaḥ) - the son (Dhṛṣṭadyumna) (son)

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of suta

suta - son, born, produced

Past Passive Participle (from 'sū' to beget)

From root 'sū' (to beget, produce).

Root: sū (class 2)

Note: Subject of 'samādravat'. Refers to Dhṛṣṭadyumna.

क्रूर-कर्मा (krūra-karmā) - of cruel deeds (Dhṛṣṭadyumna) (having cruel deeds, cruel in action)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of krūra-karman

krūra-karman - cruel-acting, performing cruel deeds

Compound: krūra (cruel) + karman (action, deed).

Compound type : bahuvrihi (krūra+karman)

• krūra – cruel, fierce, harsh, savage
  adjective (masculine)
• karman – action, deed, work, ritual, (karma)
  noun (neuter)
  From root 'kṛ' (to do).
  Root: kṛ (class 8)

Note: Qualifies 'sutaḥ'.

समाद्रवत् (samādravat) - rushed forward (to attack) (he ran towards, rushed)

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, imperfect (luṅ) of dram

Imperfect Tense, Active Voice

From root 'dram' (to run) with prefix 'sam-ā'. 1st class. 'a-' augment for imperfect.

Prefixes: sam+ā

Root: dram (class 1)

Note: Main verb.