महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-8, chapter-17, verse-45

मूढं चैनं समालक्ष्य सारथिस्त्वरितो रथम् ।
अपोवाह भृशं त्रस्तो वध्यमानं शितैः शरैः ॥४५॥

45. mūḍhaṁ cainaṁ samālakṣya sārathistvarito ratham ,
apovāha bhṛśaṁ trasto vadhyamānaṁ śitaiḥ śaraiḥ.

45. mūḍham ca enam samālakṣya sārathiḥ tvaritaḥ ratham
apa uvāha bhṛśam trastaḥ vadhyamānam śitaiḥ śaraiḥ

45. sārathiḥ enam mūḍham ca śitaiḥ śaraiḥ vadhyamānam ca
samālakṣya bhṛśam trastaḥ tvaritaḥ ratham apa uvāha

45. And observing him to be stupefied, the charioteer, greatly terrified, swiftly drove the chariot away, as he was being wounded by sharp arrows.

Words meanings summery:

• मूढम् (mūḍham) - confused, bewildered, stupefied

• च (ca) - and, also, moreover

• एनम् (enam) - Referring to the warrior being wounded. (him, this one)

• समालक्ष्य (samālakṣya) - having observed, having perceived, having seen

• सारथिः (sārathiḥ) - charioteer, driver

• त्वरितः (tvaritaḥ) - swift, hurried, quickened

• रथम् (ratham) - chariot, car

• अप (apa) - away, off, back

• उवाह (uvāha) - Drove away (with `apa`). (drove, carried, bore)

• भृशम् (bhṛśam) - greatly, exceedingly, excessively, violently

• त्रस्तः (trastaḥ) - The charioteer being terrified. (terrified, frightened, alarmed)

• वध्यमानम् (vadhyamānam) - Referring to the warrior who was confused. (being killed, being wounded, being struck)

• शितैः (śitaiḥ) - by sharp, sharpened, keen

• शरैः (śaraiḥ) - by arrows

Words meanings and morphology

मूढम् (mūḍham) - confused, bewildered, stupefied

(adjective)

Accusative, masculine, singular of mūḍha

mūḍha - confused, bewildered, stupefied; a fool

Past Passive Participle

Derived from root `muh` (to be bewildered, faint)

Root: muh (class 4)

च (ca) - and, also, moreover

(indeclinable)

एनम् (enam) - Referring to the warrior being wounded. (him, this one)

(pronoun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of idam

idam - this, this one

समालक्ष्य (samālakṣya) - having observed, having perceived, having seen

(indeclinable)

Absolutive (Gerund)

From root `lakṣ` (to perceive, mark) with prefixes `sam` and `ā`.

Prefixes: sam+ā

Root: lakṣ (class 1)

Note: This is an indeclinable participle (absolutive/gerund).

सारथिः (sārathiḥ) - charioteer, driver

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of sārathi

sārathi - charioteer, driver; companion

त्वरितः (tvaritaḥ) - swift, hurried, quickened

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of tvarita

tvarita - swift, quick, hurried; hastened

Past Passive Participle

Derived from root `tvar` (to hasten, be quick)

Root: tvar (class 1)

Note: Used adverbially here to describe the action of driving.

रथम् (ratham) - chariot, car

(noun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of ratha

ratha - chariot, car

अप (apa) - away, off, back

(indeclinable)

Preverb/Prefix

Note: Used as a preverb with `uvāha`.

उवाह (uvāha) - Drove away (with `apa`). (drove, carried, bore)

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, perfect (Lit) of vah

Perfect active

3rd singular active perfect form

Root: vah (class 1)

भृशम् (bhṛśam) - greatly, exceedingly, excessively, violently

(indeclinable)

Can also be used as an adjective. Here adverbial.

त्रस्तः (trastaḥ) - The charioteer being terrified. (terrified, frightened, alarmed)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of trasta

trasta - terrified, frightened, trembling

Past Passive Participle

Derived from root `tras` (to tremble, be afraid)

Root: tras (class 1)

Note: Agrees with `sārathiḥ`.

वध्यमानम् (vadhyamānam) - Referring to the warrior who was confused. (being killed, being wounded, being struck)

(adjective)

Accusative, masculine, singular of vadhyamāna

vadhyamāna - being killed, being struck, being slain

Present Passive Participle

From root `vadh` (to strike, kill). The root `han` (to strike, kill) takes `vadh` as its root substitute in some forms.

Root: vadh (class 1)

Note: Agrees with `enam` (him).

शितैः (śitaiḥ) - by sharp, sharpened, keen

(adjective)

Instrumental, masculine, plural of śita

śita - sharp, sharpened, keen; cold

Past Passive Participle

From root `śo` (to sharpen, whet) or `śi` (to sharpen).

Root: śo (class 4)

Note: Agrees with `śaraiḥ`.

शरैः (śaraiḥ) - by arrows

(noun)

Instrumental, masculine, plural of śara

śara - arrow; reed, cane

Root: śṛ (class 9)