महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-8, chapter-49, verse-46

तेनाधर्मेण महता वाग्दुरुक्तेन कौशिकः ।
गतः सुकष्टं नरकं सूक्ष्मधर्मेष्वकोविदः ।
अप्रभूतश्रुतो मूढो धर्माणामविभागवित् ॥४६॥

46. tenādharmeṇa mahatā vāgduruktena kauśikaḥ ,
gataḥ sukaṣṭaṁ narakaṁ sūkṣmadharmeṣvakovidaḥ ,
aprabhūtaśruto mūḍho dharmāṇāmavibhāgavit.

46. tena adharmeṇa mahatā vāgduruktena
kauśikaḥ | gataḥ sukaṣṭam narakam
sūkṣmadharmeṣu akovidaḥ |
aprabhūtaśrutaḥ mūḍhaḥ dharmāṇām avibhāgavit

46. tena mahatā vāgduruktena adharmeṇa
sūkṣmadharmeṣu akovidaḥ
aprabhūtaśrutaḥ mūḍhaḥ dharmāṇām avibhāgavit
kauśikaḥ sukaṣṭam narakam gataḥ

46. Due to that great unrighteous action (adharma) in speaking (truth that led to harm), Kauśika, who was unskilled in subtle matters of natural law (dharma), went to a very difficult hell. He was ignorant, foolish, and unable to discern the proper distinctions of natural laws (dharma).

Words meanings summery:

• तेन (tena) - by that (act of speaking) (by that, by him, by it)

• अधर्मेण (adharmeṇa) - by the unrighteous action (adharma) (by unrighteousness, by injustice)

• महता (mahatā) - great, by a great

• वाग्दुरुक्तेन (vāgduruktena) - by the ill-spoken truth (by ill-spoken word, by harsh speech)

• कौशिकः (kauśikaḥ) - Kauśika

• गतः (gataḥ) - gone, went

• सुकष्टम् (sukaṣṭam) - very difficult, very painful

• नरकम् (narakam) - hell

• सूक्ष्मधर्मेषु (sūkṣmadharmeṣu) - in subtle matters of natural law (dharma)

• अकोविदः (akovidaḥ) - unskilled, ignorant

• अप्रभूतश्रुतः (aprabhūtaśrutaḥ) - one with insufficient knowledge (śruti), ignorant

• मूढः (mūḍhaḥ) - foolish, bewildered, ignorant

• धर्माणाम् (dharmāṇām) - of natural laws (dharma), of duties

• अविभागवित् (avibhāgavit) - one who does not know the distinctions, ignorant of divisions

Words meanings and morphology

तेन (tena) - by that (act of speaking) (by that, by him, by it)

(pronoun)

Instrumental, masculine, singular of tad

tad - that, he, she, it

Note: Refers to the preceding event or truthfulness.

अधर्मेण (adharmeṇa) - by the unrighteous action (adharma) (by unrighteousness, by injustice)

(noun)

Instrumental, masculine, singular of adharma

adharma - unrighteousness, injustice, violation of natural law (dharma), sin

Compound type : nañ-tatpuruṣa (a+dharma)

• a – not, non-, un-
  indeclinable
• dharma – natural law, constitution, duty, righteousness, virtue
  noun (masculine)
  Root: dhṛ (class 1)

Note: Caused Kauśika's fall.

महता (mahatā) - great, by a great

(adjective)

Instrumental, masculine, singular of mahat

mahat - great, large, vast, mighty

Note: Modifies `adharmeṇa`.

वाग्दुरुक्तेन (vāgduruktena) - by the ill-spoken truth (by ill-spoken word, by harsh speech)

(noun)

Instrumental, masculine, singular of vāgdurukta

vāgdurukta - ill-spoken word, harsh speech, injurious speech

Compound type : ṣaṣṭhī-tatpuruṣa (vāc+durukta)

• vāc – speech, word
  noun (feminine)
  Root: vac (class 2)
• durukta – ill-spoken, badly said, harsh word
  adjective (neuter)
  Past Passive Participle
  From prefix dur- and root √vac (to speak).
  Prefix: dur
  Root: vac (class 2)

Note: Instrumental form, modifying `adharmeṇa`.

कौशिकः (kauśikaḥ) - Kauśika

(proper noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of kauśika

kauśika - descendant of Kuśika; a proper name (sage Viśvāmitra, or another sage)

Note: Subject of the sentence.

गतः (gataḥ) - gone, went

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of gata

gata - gone, reached, departed

Past Passive Participle

Derived from root √gam (to go).

Root: gam (class 1)

Note: Used here in an active sense 'he went'.

सुकष्टम् (sukaṣṭam) - very difficult, very painful

(adjective)

Accusative, neuter, singular of sukaṣṭa

sukaṣṭa - very difficult, very painful, extremely arduous

Compound type : karmadhāraya (su+kaṣṭa)

• su – good, well, very
  indeclinable
• kaṣṭa – difficult, painful, bad, evil
  adjective (neuter)

Note: Modifies `narakam`.

नरकम् (narakam) - hell

(noun)

Accusative, neuter, singular of naraka

naraka - hell, underworld

Note: Object of `gataḥ` (went to hell).

सूक्ष्मधर्मेषु (sūkṣmadharmeṣu) - in subtle matters of natural law (dharma)

(noun)

Locative, masculine, plural of sūkṣmadharma

sūkṣmadharma - subtle natural law (dharma), intricate duty

Compound type : karmadhāraya (sūkṣma+dharma)

• sūkṣma – subtle, minute, fine, delicate
  adjective
• dharma – natural law, constitution, duty, righteousness, virtue
  noun (masculine)
  Root: dhṛ (class 1)

Note: In matters of subtle dharma.

अकोविदः (akovidaḥ) - unskilled, ignorant

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of akovida

akovida - unskilled, ignorant, inexperienced

Compound type : nañ-tatpuruṣa (a+kovida)

• a – not, non-, un-
  indeclinable
• kovida – skilled, knowing, expert
  adjective (masculine)

Note: Modifies `Kauśikaḥ`.

अप्रभूतश्रुतः (aprabhūtaśrutaḥ) - one with insufficient knowledge (śruti), ignorant

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of aprabhūtaśruta

aprabhūtaśruta - one whose sacred knowledge (śruti) is not abundant, ignorant, unlearned

Compound type : nañ-bahuvrihi (a+prabhūta+śruta)

• a – not, non-, un-
  indeclinable
• prabhūta – abundant, much, considerable
  adjective (masculine)
  Past Passive Participle
  From pra- and root √bhū (to be).
  Prefix: pra
  Root: bhū (class 1)
• śruta – heard, learned, sacred knowledge (śruti)
  noun (neuter)
  Past Passive Participle
  From root √śru (to hear).
  Root: śru (class 5)

Note: Modifies `Kauśikaḥ`.

मूढः (mūḍhaḥ) - foolish, bewildered, ignorant

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of mūḍha

mūḍha - foolish, stupid, bewildered, infatuated

Past Passive Participle

Derived from root √muh (to be bewildered).

Root: muh (class 4)

Note: Modifies `Kauśikaḥ`.

धर्माणाम् (dharmāṇām) - of natural laws (dharma), of duties

(noun)

Genitive, masculine, plural of dharma

dharma - natural law, constitution, duty, righteousness, virtue

Root: dhṛ (class 1)

Note: Possessive, "of the dharmas".

अविभागवित् (avibhāgavit) - one who does not know the distinctions, ignorant of divisions

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of avibhāgavid

avibhāgavid - one who does not know distinctions, unaware of divisions

Agent noun formed from `a-vibhāga` and `vid` (knower).

Compound type : nañ-tatpuruṣa (a+vibhāga+vid)

• a – not, non-, un-
  indeclinable
• vibhāga – division, distinction, differentiation
  noun (masculine)
  From vi- and root √bhaj (to divide).
  Prefix: vi
  Root: bhaj (class 1)
• vid – knowing, knower, wise
  adjective (masculine)
  Agent noun
  From root √vid (to know).
  Root: vid (class 2)

Note: Modifies `Kauśikaḥ`. Sandhi makes `d` become `t` at the end of a word.