महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-12, chapter-149, verse-28

गृध्र उवाच ।
अहो धिक्सुनृशंसेन जम्बुकेनाल्पमेधसा ।
क्षुद्रेणोक्ता हीनसत्त्वा मानुषाः किं निवर्तथ ॥२८॥

28. gṛdhra uvāca ,
aho dhiksunṛśaṁsena jambukenālpamedhasā ,
kṣudreṇoktā hīnasattvā mānuṣāḥ kiṁ nivartatha.

28. gṛdhraḥ uvāca aho dhik sunṛśaṃsena jambukena alpamedhasā
kṣudreṇa uktā hīnasattvāḥ mānuṣāḥ kiṃ nivartatha

28. The Vulture said: Oh, shame! You weak-willed men, who have been spoken to by this exceedingly cruel jackal of little intelligence, why do you turn back?

Words meanings summery:

• गृध्रः (gṛdhraḥ) - vulture

• उवाच (uvāca) - said, spoke

• अहो (aho) - Oh! Alas! Ah!

• धिक् (dhik) - shame, woe, curse, fie

• सुनृशंसेन (sunṛśaṁsena) - by the exceedingly cruel one

• जम्बुकेन (jambukena) - by the jackal

• अल्पमेधसा (alpamedhasā) - by the one of little intelligence, by the foolish one

• क्षुद्रेण (kṣudreṇa) - by the petty/mean/low one

• उक्ता (uktā) - spoken, addressed

• हीनसत्त्वाः (hīnasattvāḥ) - weak-willed, faint-hearted, lacking courage

• मानुषाः (mānuṣāḥ) - men, human beings

• किं (kiṁ) - why, what, whether

• निवर्तथ (nivartatha) - you (plural) turn back, you return

Words meanings and morphology

गृध्रः (gṛdhraḥ) - vulture

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of gṛdhra

gṛdhra - vulture

उवाच (uvāca) - said, spoke

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, perfect (liṭ) of vac

perfect tense, 3rd person singular active

from root vac, class 2, perfect (liṭ), parasmaipada

Root: vac (class 2)

अहो (aho) - Oh! Alas! Ah!

(indeclinable)

धिक् (dhik) - shame, woe, curse, fie

(indeclinable)

सुनृशंसेन (sunṛśaṁsena) - by the exceedingly cruel one

(adjective)

Instrumental, masculine, singular of sunṛśaṃsa

sunṛśaṁsa - very cruel, exceedingly wicked, extremely atrocious

compound of su- (very, exceedingly) + nṛśaṃsa (cruel)

Compound type : tatpurusha (su+nṛśaṃsa)

• su – good, well, very, exceedingly
  indeclinable
• nṛśaṃsa – cruel, wicked, atrocious, malevolent
  adjective (masculine)

जम्बुकेन (jambukena) - by the jackal

(noun)

Instrumental, masculine, singular of jambuka

jambuka - jackal

अल्पमेधसा (alpamedhasā) - by the one of little intelligence, by the foolish one

(adjective)

Instrumental, masculine, singular of alpamedhas

alpamedhas - of little intellect/wisdom, foolish, dull-witted

compound of alpa (little) + medhas (intellect)

Compound type : bahuvrihi (alpa+medhas)

• alpa – little, small, trifling, meager
  adjective (masculine)
• medhas – intellect, wisdom, spiritual merit
  noun (neuter)

क्षुद्रेण (kṣudreṇa) - by the petty/mean/low one

(adjective)

Instrumental, masculine, singular of kṣudra

kṣudra - small, trifling, petty, mean, low, wicked, contemptible

उक्ता (uktā) - spoken, addressed

(adjective)

Nominative, feminine, singular of vac

vac - to speak, to say

Past Passive Participle

from root vac, participle form. Appears here as feminine nominative singular.

Root: vac (class 2)

हीनसत्त्वाः (hīnasattvāḥ) - weak-willed, faint-hearted, lacking courage

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, plural of hīnasattva

hīnasattva - weak-willed, faint-hearted, lacking spirit/courage, ignoble

compound of hīna (weak/deprived) + sattva (spirit/courage)

Compound type : bahuvrihi (hīna+sattva)

• hīna – abandoned, deprived of, inferior, weak, low
  adjective (masculine)
  Past Passive Participle
  from root hā (to abandon, forsake)
  Root: hā (class 3)
• sattva – being, existence, essence, spirit, courage, vitality
  noun (neuter)

मानुषाः (mānuṣāḥ) - men, human beings

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, plural of mānuṣa

mānuṣa - man, human, human being

किं (kiṁ) - why, what, whether

(indeclinable)

निवर्तथ (nivartatha) - you (plural) turn back, you return

(verb)

2nd person , plural, active, present (laṭ) of nivṛt

present tense, 2nd person plural active/middle

from root vṛt with prefix ni-, class 1, present (laṭ), parasmaipada or ātmanepada

Prefix: ni

Root: vṛt (class 1)