महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-13, chapter-112, verse-11

बृहस्पतिरुवाच ।
एकः प्रसूतो राजेन्द्र जन्तुरेको विनश्यति ।
एकस्तरति दुर्गाणि गच्छत्येकश्च दुर्गतिम् ॥११॥

11. bṛhaspatiruvāca ,
ekaḥ prasūto rājendra jantureko vinaśyati ,
ekastarati durgāṇi gacchatyekaśca durgatim.

11. bṛhaspatiḥ uvāca ekaḥ prasūtaḥ rājendra jantuḥ ekaḥ
vinaśyati ekaḥ tarati durgāṇi gacchati ekaḥ ca durgatim

11. bṛhaspatiḥ uvāca rājendra ekaḥ jantuḥ prasūtaḥ ekaḥ
vinaśyati ekaḥ durgāṇi tarati ca ekaḥ durgatim gacchati

11. Bṛhaspati said: O king, a living being is born alone, and a living being dies alone. Alone, one overcomes difficulties, and alone, one falls into a miserable state.

Words meanings summery:

• बृहस्पतिः (bṛhaspatiḥ) - Bṛhaspati, the speaker of these words. (Bṛhaspati (name of a sage, preceptor of gods))

• उवाच (uvāca) - said, spoke

• एकः (ekaḥ) - referring to a single individual, emphasizing solitude. (one, alone, single)

• प्रसूतः (prasūtaḥ) - referring to the act of being born. (born, produced, brought forth)

• राजेन्द्र (rājendra) - A vocative address to a king. (O king of kings, O chief among kings)

• जन्तुः (jantuḥ) - a sentient being, emphasizing the individual nature of existence. (living being, creature, human being)

• एकः (ekaḥ) - referring to a single individual, emphasizing solitude. (one, alone, single)

• विनश्यति (vinaśyati) - referring to the act of dying. (perishes, is destroyed, dies)

• एकः (ekaḥ) - referring to a single individual, emphasizing solitude. (one, alone, single)

• तरति (tarati) - overcomes difficulties. (crosses, overcomes, swims across)

• दुर्गाणि (durgāṇi) - obstacles or adversities in life. (difficulties, hard places, impassable places)

• गच्छति (gacchati) - goes to a particular state or destiny. (goes, proceeds, attains)

• एकः (ekaḥ) - referring to a single individual, emphasizing solitude. (one, alone, single)

• च (ca) - connects the two clauses. (and, also, moreover)

• दुर्गतिम् (durgatim) - a miserable or undesirable destination/state. (a bad state, misery, distress, hell)

Words meanings and morphology

बृहस्पतिः (bṛhaspatiḥ) - Bṛhaspati, the speaker of these words. (Bṛhaspati (name of a sage, preceptor of gods))

(proper noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of bṛhaspati

bṛhaspati - name of the preceptor of the gods

उवाच (uvāca) - said, spoke

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, past perfect (lit) of vac

Perfect active

reduplicated perfect, 3rd person singular

Root: vac (class 2)

एकः (ekaḥ) - referring to a single individual, emphasizing solitude. (one, alone, single)

(pronoun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of eka

eka - one, alone, single, sole

Note: Can also function as an adjective.

प्रसूतः (prasūtaḥ) - referring to the act of being born. (born, produced, brought forth)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of prasūta

prasūta - born, produced

Past Passive Participle

from root sū with prefix pra

Prefix: pra

Root: sū (class 4)

Note: Functions adjectivally to describe the jantu.

राजेन्द्र (rājendra) - A vocative address to a king. (O king of kings, O chief among kings)

(noun)

Vocative, masculine, singular of rājendra

rājendra - chief of kings, king of kings

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (rājan+indra)

• rājan – king
  noun (masculine)
• indra – chief, lord, best (often used as a suffix to mean 'chief among')
  noun (masculine)

Note: Compound of rājan (king) and indra (chief/lord).

जन्तुः (jantuḥ) - a sentient being, emphasizing the individual nature of existence. (living being, creature, human being)

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of jantu

jantu - living being, creature, human

derived from root jan (to be born)

Root: jan (class 4)

Note: Refers to any living creature.

एकः (ekaḥ) - referring to a single individual, emphasizing solitude. (one, alone, single)

(pronoun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of eka

eka - one, alone, single, sole

Note: Can also function as an adjective.

विनश्यति (vinaśyati) - referring to the act of dying. (perishes, is destroyed, dies)

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, present (lat) of naś

Present active

from root naś with prefix vi, 3rd person singular

Prefix: vi

Root: naś (class 4)

एकः (ekaḥ) - referring to a single individual, emphasizing solitude. (one, alone, single)

(pronoun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of eka

eka - one, alone, single, sole

Note: Can also function as an adjective.

तरति (tarati) - overcomes difficulties. (crosses, overcomes, swims across)

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, present (lat) of tṛ

Present active

3rd person singular

Root: tṛ (class 1)

दुर्गाणि (durgāṇi) - obstacles or adversities in life. (difficulties, hard places, impassable places)

(noun)

Accusative, neuter, plural of durga

durga - difficult, inaccessible place, difficulty, fort

Note: Often used metaphorically for difficulties.

गच्छति (gacchati) - goes to a particular state or destiny. (goes, proceeds, attains)

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, present (lat) of gam

Present active

3rd person singular

Root: gam (class 1)

एकः (ekaḥ) - referring to a single individual, emphasizing solitude. (one, alone, single)

(pronoun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of eka

eka - one, alone, single, sole

Note: Can also function as an adjective.

च (ca) - connects the two clauses. (and, also, moreover)

(indeclinable)

Note: Always placed after the word it connects.

दुर्गतिम् (durgatim) - a miserable or undesirable destination/state. (a bad state, misery, distress, hell)

(noun)

Accusative, feminine, singular of durgati

durgati - bad state, misery, distress, hellish condition

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (dur+gati)

• dur – bad, difficult, ill
  indeclinable
  prefix
• gati – going, motion, course, state, condition
  noun (feminine)
  Root: gam (class 1)

Note: Compound of dur (bad) and gati (state/destination).