महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-7, chapter-102, verse-39

तं विद्धि पुरुषव्याघ्रं सात्वतं च महारथम् ।
स तं महारथं पश्चादनुयातस्तवानुजम् ।
तमपश्यन्महाबाहुमहं विन्दामि कश्मलम् ॥३९॥

39. taṁ viddhi puruṣavyāghraṁ sātvataṁ ca mahāratham ,
sa taṁ mahārathaṁ paścādanuyātastavānujam ,
tamapaśyanmahābāhumahaṁ vindāmi kaśmalam.

39. tam viddhi puruṣavyāghram sātvatam
ca mahāratham saḥ tam mahāratham
paścāt anuyātaḥ tava anujam tam
apaśyan mahābāhum aham vindāmi kaśmalam

39. tam puruṣavyāghram ca sātvatam mahāratham
viddhi saḥ tava anujam tam mahāratham
paścāt anuyātaḥ aham tam mahābāhum
tava anujam apaśyan kaśmalam vindāmi

39. Know him, the tiger among men (puruṣa), and the Sātvata (Kṛṣṇa), the great chariot-warrior. He (Arjuna) followed that great chariot-warrior (Kṛṣṇa) behind. Not seeing him, the mighty-armed one (Kṛṣṇa), and (not seeing) your younger brother (Arjuna), I experience confusion and distress.

Words meanings summery:

• तम् (tam) - him (Arjuna) (him, that)

• विद्धि (viddhi) - know (imperative) (know, understand, perceive)

• पुरुषव्याघ्रम् (puruṣavyāghram) - tiger among men (puruṣa) (epithet for Arjuna) (tiger among men, best of men, excellent man)

• सात्वतम् (sātvatam) - Kṛṣṇa (accusative) (Sātvata (a name for Kṛṣṇa), relating to the Satvatas)

• च (ca) - and (and, also)

• महारथम् (mahāratham) - great chariot-warrior (epithet for Kṛṣṇa) (great chariot-warrior, mighty warrior)

• सः (saḥ) - he (Arjuna) (he, that)

• तम् (tam) - him (Kṛṣṇa) (him, that)

• महारथम् (mahāratham) - great chariot-warrior (epithet for Kṛṣṇa) (great chariot-warrior, mighty warrior)

• पश्चात् (paścāt) - behind (indicating following) (behind, afterwards, in the west)

• अनुयातः (anuyātaḥ) - followed behind (followed, gone after)

• तव (tava) - your (referring to Duryodhana's perspective on Arjuna as a cousin/relative) (your, of you)

• अनुजम् (anujam) - younger brother (Arjuna) (younger brother, follower)

• तम् (tam) - him (Kṛṣṇa) (him, that)

• अपश्यन् (apaśyan) - not seeing (Kṛṣṇa and Arjuna) (not seeing, not perceiving)

• महाबाहुम् (mahābāhum) - mighty-armed one (Kṛṣṇa) (mighty-armed one, strong-armed)

• अहम् (aham) - I (Bhīṣma) (I)

• विन्दामि (vindāmi) - I experience (I find, I obtain, I know, I experience)

• कश्मलम् (kaśmalam) - confusion and distress (dirt, impurity, confusion, faintness, distress, weakness)

Words meanings and morphology

तम् (tam) - him (Arjuna) (him, that)

(pronoun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of tad

tad - that, he, she, it

Note: Refers to Arjuna.

विद्धि (viddhi) - know (imperative) (know, understand, perceive)

(verb)

2nd person , singular, active, imperative (loṭ) of vid

imperative

From root vid, 2nd conjugation, active voice, 2nd person singular imperative.

Root: vid (class 2)

Note: Implied subject 'you' (Duryodhana).

पुरुषव्याघ्रम् (puruṣavyāghram) - tiger among men (puruṣa) (epithet for Arjuna) (tiger among men, best of men, excellent man)

(noun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of puruṣavyāghra

puruṣavyāghra - tiger among men, best of men

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (puruṣa+vyāghra)

• puruṣa – man, person, male, cosmic person (puruṣa)
  noun (masculine)
• vyāghra – tiger
  noun (masculine)

Note: Refers to Arjuna.

सात्वतम् (sātvatam) - Kṛṣṇa (accusative) (Sātvata (a name for Kṛṣṇa), relating to the Satvatas)

(proper noun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of sātvata

sātvata - a descendant of Satvata, a member of the Yādava clan (Kṛṣṇa)

Note: Refers to Kṛṣṇa.

च (ca) - and (and, also)

(indeclinable)

महारथम् (mahāratham) - great chariot-warrior (epithet for Kṛṣṇa) (great chariot-warrior, mighty warrior)

(noun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of mahāratha

mahāratha - great chariot-warrior, a warrior capable of fighting many thousands of others

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (mahā+ratha)

• mahā – great, large, mighty
  adjective
• ratha – chariot, car, warrior in a chariot
  noun (masculine)
  Root: ram (class 1)

Note: Refers to Kṛṣṇa.

सः (saḥ) - he (Arjuna) (he, that)

(pronoun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of tad

tad - that, he, she, it

Note: Refers to Arjuna.

तम् (tam) - him (Kṛṣṇa) (him, that)

(pronoun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of tad

tad - that, he, she, it

Note: Refers to Kṛṣṇa.

महारथम् (mahāratham) - great chariot-warrior (epithet for Kṛṣṇa) (great chariot-warrior, mighty warrior)

(noun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of mahāratha

mahāratha - great chariot-warrior, a warrior capable of fighting many thousands of others

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (mahā+ratha)

• mahā – great, large, mighty
  adjective
• ratha – chariot, car, warrior in a chariot
  noun (masculine)
  Root: ram (class 1)

Note: Refers to Kṛṣṇa, in apposition to 'tam'.

पश्चात् (paścāt) - behind (indicating following) (behind, afterwards, in the west)

(indeclinable)

अनुयातः (anuyātaḥ) - followed behind (followed, gone after)

(participle)

Nominative, masculine, singular of anuyāta

anuyāta - followed, pursued, accompanied

past passive participle

From root yā with upasarga anu-.

Prefix: anu

Root: yā (class 2)

Note: Agrees with 'saḥ'.

तव (tava) - your (referring to Duryodhana's perspective on Arjuna as a cousin/relative) (your, of you)

(pronoun)

Genitive, singular of yuṣmad

yuṣmad - you

अनुजम् (anujam) - younger brother (Arjuna) (younger brother, follower)

(noun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of anuja

anuja - younger brother, born after

From anu- (after) + ja (born).

Prefix: anu

Root: jan (class 4)

Note: Refers to Arjuna, as an object of 'apaśyan' later in the verse.

तम् (tam) - him (Kṛṣṇa) (him, that)

(pronoun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of tad

tad - that, he, she, it

Note: Refers to Kṛṣṇa, who is the 'mahābāhu'.

अपश्यन् (apaśyan) - not seeing (Kṛṣṇa and Arjuna) (not seeing, not perceiving)

(participle)

Nominative, masculine, singular of apaśyat

apaśyat - not seeing, blind

present active participle (negative)

From root dṛś ('paśya' stem) with negative prefix a-.

Prefix: a

Root: dṛś (class 1)

Note: Agrees with 'aham' (implied subject).

महाबाहुम् (mahābāhum) - mighty-armed one (Kṛṣṇa) (mighty-armed one, strong-armed)

(adjective)

Accusative, masculine, singular of mahābāhu

mahābāhu - mighty-armed, one with great arms

Compound type : bahuvrīhi (mahā+bāhu)

• mahā – great, large, mighty
  adjective
• bāhu – arm
  noun (masculine)

Note: Refers to Kṛṣṇa.

अहम् (aham) - I (Bhīṣma) (I)

(pronoun)

Nominative, singular of asmad

asmad - I, me

विन्दामि (vindāmi) - I experience (I find, I obtain, I know, I experience)

(verb)

1st person , singular, active, present indicative (laṭ) of vid

present indicative

From root vid, 6th conjugation (vidati/vindati), active voice.

Root: vid (class 6)

कश्मलम् (kaśmalam) - confusion and distress (dirt, impurity, confusion, faintness, distress, weakness)

(noun)

Accusative, neuter, singular of kaśmala

kaśmala - dirt, impurity, confusion, faintness, distress, weakness