महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-12, chapter-137, verse-45

ब्रह्मदत्त उवाच ।
कालेन क्रियते कार्यं तथैव विविधाः क्रियाः ।
कालेनैव प्रवर्तन्ते कः कस्येहापराध्यति ॥४५॥

45. brahmadatta uvāca ,
kālena kriyate kāryaṁ tathaiva vividhāḥ kriyāḥ ,
kālenaiva pravartante kaḥ kasyehāparādhyati.

45. brahmadattaḥ uvāca kālena kriyate kāryam tathā eva vividhāḥ
kriyāḥ kālena eva pravartante kaḥ kasya iha aparādhyati

45. brahmadattaḥ uvāca.
kālena kāryam kriyate tathā eva vividhāḥ kriyāḥ [kriyante].
kālena eva [tāḥ] pravartante.
iha kaḥ kasya aparādhyati?

45. Brahmadatta said: 'Work is accomplished by time, and similarly, various actions also occur. Indeed, all things proceed solely by time. Who, then, truly offends whom in this world?'

Words meanings summery:

• ब्रह्मदत्तः (brahmadattaḥ) - Brahmadatta (a proper name)

• उवाच (uvāca) - said, spoke

• कालेन (kālena) - by time

• क्रियते (kriyate) - is done, is performed, is made

• कार्यम् (kāryam) - work, task, duty, what is to be done

• तथा (tathā) - similarly, in that way, and

• एव (eva) - indeed, certainly, only

• विविधाः (vividhāḥ) - various, manifold, diverse

• क्रियाः (kriyāḥ) - actions, activities, rituals

• कालेन (kālena) - by time

• एव (eva) - indeed, certainly, only

• प्रवर्तन्ते (pravartante) - proceed, occur, take place, begin

• कः (kaḥ) - who?

• कस्य (kasya) - of whom? to whom?

• इह (iha) - here, in this world, in this matter

• अपराध्यति (aparādhyati) - offends, commits a fault, transgresses

Words meanings and morphology

ब्रह्मदत्तः (brahmadattaḥ) - Brahmadatta (a proper name)

(proper noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of brahmadatta

brahmadatta - given by Brahma; a proper name

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (brahma+datta)

• brahma – Brahma (the creator god), brahman (universal spirit)
  noun (neuter)
• datta – given, granted; a given name suffix
  adjective (masculine)
  Past Passive Participle
  from root dā (to give)
  Root: dā (class 3)

Note: Speaker's name.

उवाच (uvāca) - said, spoke

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, perfect (lit) of vac

root vac, class 2, P, perfect tense, irregular

Root: vac (class 2)

कालेन (kālena) - by time

(noun)

Instrumental, masculine, singular of kāla

kāla - time, period, season

Note: Indicates agency or means.

क्रियते (kriyate) - is done, is performed, is made

(verb)

3rd person , singular, passive, present indicative (laṭ) of kṛ

root kṛ, class 8, A, present passive

Root: kṛ (class 8)

Note: The passive voice with kālena (instrumental agent).

कार्यम् (kāryam) - work, task, duty, what is to be done

(noun)

Nominative, neuter, singular of kārya

kārya - work, business, duty, what is to be done

Gerundive (N. of Agency)

from root kṛ (to do), meaning 'to be done'

Root: kṛ (class 8)

Note: Subject of the passive verb kriyate.

तथा (tathā) - similarly, in that way, and

(indeclinable)

एव (eva) - indeed, certainly, only

(indeclinable)

Note: Emphatic particle.

विविधाः (vividhāḥ) - various, manifold, diverse

(adjective)

Nominative, feminine, plural of vividha

vividha - various, manifold, diverse

Note: Agrees with kriyāḥ.

क्रियाः (kriyāḥ) - actions, activities, rituals

(noun)

Nominative, feminine, plural of kriyā

kriyā - action, activity, performance, ritual

from root kṛ (to do)

Root: kṛ (class 8)

Note: Subject of an implied verb.

कालेन (kālena) - by time

(noun)

Instrumental, masculine, singular of kāla

kāla - time, period, season

Note: Indicates agency or means.

एव (eva) - indeed, certainly, only

(indeclinable)

Note: Emphatic particle.

प्रवर्तन्ते (pravartante) - proceed, occur, take place, begin

(verb)

3rd person , plural, middle, present indicative (laṭ) of pravṛt

root vṛt with prefix pra, class 1, A

Prefix: pra

Root: vṛt (class 1)

Note: The subject is implied, referring to kāryam and kriyāḥ.

कः (kaḥ) - who?

(pronoun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of kim

kim - who, what, which

Note: Subject of the verb aparādhyati.

कस्य (kasya) - of whom? to whom?

(pronoun)

Genitive, masculine, singular of kim

kim - who, what, which

Note: Dative case 'to whom' (object of offense).

इह (iha) - here, in this world, in this matter

(indeclinable)

Note: Adverb of place.

अपराध्यति (aparādhyati) - offends, commits a fault, transgresses

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, present indicative (laṭ) of aparādh

root rādh (to succeed, injure) with prefix apa, class 4, P

Prefix: apa

Root: rādh (class 4)

Note: The subject is 'kaḥ'.