महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-12, chapter-137, verse-104

स्वयं समुपजानन्हि पौरजानपदक्रियाः ।
स सुखं मोदते भूप इह लोके परत्र च ॥१०४॥

104. svayaṁ samupajānanhi paurajānapadakriyāḥ ,
sa sukhaṁ modate bhūpa iha loke paratra ca.

104. svayam samupajānan hi paurajānapadakriyāḥ
saḥ sukham modate bhūpaḥ iha loke paratra ca

104. saḥ bhūpaḥ hi svayam paurajānapadakriyāḥ
samupajānan iha loke ca paratra sukham modate

104. Indeed, by personally grasping the activities of the city and country dwellers, that king enjoys happiness in this world and in the next.

Words meanings summery:

• स्वयम् (svayam) - by oneself, personally, automatically

• समुपजानन् (samupajānan) - personally grasping (knowing, understanding, perceiving, observing, grasping)

• हि (hi) - indeed, for, because

• पौरजानपदक्रियाः (paurajānapadakriyāḥ) - the activities of the city and country dwellers (the activities of the citizens and country folk)

• सः (saḥ) - that king (he, that (king))

• सुखम् (sukham) - happily, with ease, joyfully

• मोदते (modate) - he rejoices, he delights, he is glad

• भूपः (bhūpaḥ) - king, ruler of the earth

• इह (iha) - here, in this world

• लोके (loke) - in the world, in this realm

• परत्र (paratra) - in the other world, in the next life

• च (ca) - and, also

Words meanings and morphology

स्वयम् (svayam) - by oneself, personally, automatically

(indeclinable)

Accusative singular of sva (self) used adverbially.

समुपजानन् (samupajānan) - personally grasping (knowing, understanding, perceiving, observing, grasping)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of samupajānat

samupajānat - knowing, understanding, perceiving (present active participle)

Present Active Participle

From root √jñā (to know) with upasargas sam- and upa-

Prefixes: sam+upa

Root: jñā (class 9)

Note: Functions adverbially, modifying the subject (king).

हि (hi) - indeed, for, because

(indeclinable)

particle

पौरजानपदक्रियाः (paurajānapadakriyāḥ) - the activities of the city and country dwellers (the activities of the citizens and country folk)

(noun)

Accusative, feminine, plural of paurajānapadakriyā

paurajānapadakriyā - activities/actions of citizens and country dwellers

Tatpuruṣa compound: paurajānapada (citizens and country folk) + kriyā (activity)

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (paurajānapada+kriyā)

• paura – citizen, city dweller
  noun (masculine)
• jānapada – country dweller, inhabitant of a district
  noun (masculine)
• kriyā – action, activity, deed, rite
  noun (feminine)
  From root √kṛ (to do, make)
  Root: kṛ (class 8)

Note: Object of the participle samupajānan.

सः (saḥ) - that king (he, that (king))

(pronoun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of tad

tad - that, he, she, it (demonstrative pronoun)

Note: Refers to the king from the previous verse.

सुखम् (sukham) - happily, with ease, joyfully

(noun)

Accusative, neuter, singular of sukha

sukha - happiness, joy, ease, pleasure

Note: Used adverbially here in accusative singular.

मोदते (modate) - he rejoices, he delights, he is glad

(verb)

3rd person , singular, middle, present (laṭ) of mod

Present Middle

From root √mud (to rejoice)

Root: mud (class 1)

भूपः (bhūpaḥ) - king, ruler of the earth

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of bhūpa

bhūpa - king, protector of the earth, ruler

Compound: bhū (earth) + pa (protector, from √pā to protect)

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (bhū+pa)

• bhū – earth, land, ground
  noun (feminine)
• pa – protector, guardian
  noun (masculine)
  Derived from root √pā (to protect)
  Root: pā (class 2)

Note: Subject of the verb modate.

इह (iha) - here, in this world

(indeclinable)

adverb of place

लोके (loke) - in the world, in this realm

(noun)

Locative, masculine, singular of loka

loka - world, realm, people, universe

Note: Often paired with iha (here).

परत्र (paratra) - in the other world, in the next life

(indeclinable)

From para (other) + suffix -tra (locative sense)

Note: Often contrasted with iha loke.

च (ca) - and, also

(indeclinable)

Note: Connects "this world" and "the next".